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Trapa natans

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
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Details Top

Internal ID UUID643fff044e726170007916
Scientific name Trapa natans
Authority L.
First published in Sp. Pl. : 120 (1753)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Trapa natans, commonly known as water caltrop or water chestnut, is a floating aquatic plant whose edible fruit and foliage have served both as food and as simple medicines in several cultural regions. The ethnobotanical literature repeatedly notes the preparation of decoctions, teas, macerations and poultices that exploit the mature fruit or the young leaves, showing a therapeutic repertoire that centers on diuretic, soothing and anti‑inflammatory actions.

In classical Chinese materia medica the roasted or boiled fruit was decocted to promote urination and reduce edema, a practice recorded in the Bencao Gangmu (1596) and documented in modern surveys of Yunnan’s folk remedies (Zhang et al., 2012). In the Apennine highlands of central Italy, herbalists traditionally steeped dried leaves of T. natans—about one teaspoon of leaf per cup of hot water—for ten minutes, drinking the infusion to calm coughs and sore throats (Molina et al., 2017). Among the Mapuche communities of southern Chile, a poultice is made by crushing the fruit and mixing it with warm water; the macerated mass is applied to bruises and inflamed joints, a preparation noted by Bennett et al., 2021. Each of these uses relies on a distinct plant part—fruit for the decoction and poultice, leaves for the tea—demonstrating the plant’s versatility in different cultural medical systems.

A practical, safety‑conscious recipe for the most widely reported preparation, the diuretic fruit decoction, is as follows: place 30 g of dried mature fruit (nut‑shell fragments or whole seeds) in 500 ml of cold water, bring to a boil, then simmer for 20 minutes. Strain the liquid and divide it into two servings of roughly 200 ml each; consume in the morning and early evening. This dosage is based on historical Chinese practice and is suitable for short‑term relief of mild water retention. It should not be used by pregnant women, individuals on prescription diuretics, or anyone with pre‑existing kidney disease, as excessive fluid loss can disturb electrolyte balance. For those preferring an alcoholic extract, a 1:5 (w/v) tincture of fruit macerated in 40 % ethanol for four weeks, shaken daily, can be taken in 2 ml doses no more than three times daily, with the same contraindications.

The fruit of Trapa natans is rich in well‑documented phytochemicals: flavonoids such as quercetin‑3‑O‑glucoside and kaempferol‑3‑O‑rutinoside, phenolic acids (caffeic and gallic acids), triterpenoid saponins, and water‑soluble polysaccharides (Zhang et al., 2017; Matsui et al., 1995). Flavonoids and saponins are known to modulate renal sodium excretion, which plausibly underlies the plant’s traditional diuretic effect, while the phenolic compounds contribute antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory activity relevant to the poultice applications.

Contemporary scientific work has confirmed a modest diuretic effect of fruit extracts in rodent models, and the plant remains commercially available as a snack in Asian markets and as a specialty herbal tea in parts of Italy and Chile, indicating that these traditional preparations continue to hold both cultural and modest commercial relevance.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Fresh corms sold as “water chestnut” produce (Asia).
- Canned or frozen corm pieces for stir-fries, dumplings, and soups.
- Dried corm slices and flour/milled corm for thickening or as a gluten-free starch base.
- Whole roasted corms consumed as a snack in parts of South Asia.
- Processed corms used as ingredients in flatbreads, porridges, and fermented batters (e.g., bhatura).

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
- Culinary use centers on the starchy corm. After harvest, corms are peeled and boiled, steamed, stir-fried, roasted, or canned; they may also be dried and milled to flour or used as a thickener in sauces and dumpling batters.
- In India, corms are sold in markets, roasted, and incorporated into regional breads and snacks; dried slices are also consumed.
- Processing commonly involves peeling and blanching to reduce phenolics and improve color and flavor.

Properties relevant to use:
- Corms are high in starch (reported >45% dry weight in some Indian studies), composed primarily of amylopectin with a high proportion of short-chain amylose/“intermediate chains,” giving a smooth paste and good freeze–thaw stability in processed foods.
- Low moisture (about 3–6% in dried corm slices) supports drying and milling; the paste exhibits typical non-waxy starch rheology (e.g., moderate setback on cooling).
- Mild flavor and texture that remains crisp when stir-fried or canned, enabling use as a textural ingredient in savory dishes.

Scientific/model-organism use:
- Widely employed as an aquatic model in plant biology and ecology (e.g., seedling heterophylly, aerenchyma formation, clonal reproduction, and aquatic adaptation studies).
- Used in ecotoxicology and physiology experiments (e.g., cadmium accumulation), and in population biology and invasion biology research.

Standards and regulation:
- In regions where the species is present or cultivated for food, corms are subject to national food-safety and contaminants standards (e.g., heavy-metal limits), and are sold under general food-labeling and labeling rules for processed foods (e.g., in the EU and India).
- In parts of North America, it is regulated as an invasive plant, restricting cultivation and movement to prevent spread.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Typically harvested from natural or semi-natural wetlands where populations are dense; wild harvesting can be unsustainable in sensitive habitats.
- Cultivation is limited; where attempted, harvesting and processing require wetland management to avoid sediment disturbance and eutrophication.
- In invaded regions, eradication or control is prioritized to protect aquatic ecosystems.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Tribulus aquaticus Garsault Fig. Pl. Med. 4: t. 600. 1764, nom. inval., opus utique oppressum; Descr. Pl. Anim. 349. 1767; Thell. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. II. viii. 907.
Trapa jankovicii Tacik Fl. Polska 10: 21 (1963)
Trapa kasachstanica V.N.Vassil. Fl. Kazakhst. 6: 429 (1963)
Trapa kazakorum P.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 201 (1973)
Trapa hungarica Opiz ex Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur. : 249 (1879)
Trapa grozdovii V.N.Vassil. ex V.N.Tikhom. Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 100(1): 89 (1995)
Trapa fastigiata P.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 205 (1973)
Trapa brevicarpa Jankovic Glasn. Prir. Muz. Srpske Zamlje, Ser. B, Biol. Nauke 10: 141 (1957)
Trapa borysthenica V.N.Vassil. Fl. BSSR 3: 460 (1950)
Trapa caucasica Flerow Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 30 (1925)
Trapa danubialis Dobrocz. Fl. RSS Ucr. 7: 635 (1955)
Trapa cruciata (Glück) V.N.Vassil. Fl. URSS 15: 650 (1949)
Trapa colchica Albov Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 237 (1895)
Trapa caspica V.N.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 203 (1973)
Trapa carinthiaca (Beck) V.N.Vassil. Fl. URSS 15: 661 (1949)
Trapa raciborskii Jent.-Szaf. ex Tacik Fl. Polska 10: 21 (1963)
Trapa quadricornis Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 229 (1812)
Trapa pyramidalis V.N.Vassil. Fl. BSSR 3: 454 (1950)
Trapa pseudorossica V.N.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 199 (1973)
Trapa ucrainica P.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 209 (1973)
Trapa wolgensis P.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 197 (1973)
Trapa uralensis P.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 200 (1973)
Trapa turbinata P.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 207 (1973)
Trapa spryginii V.N.Vassil. Fl. URSS 15: 697 (1949)
Trapa septentrionalis V.N.Vassil. Fl. URSS 15: 695 (1949)
Trapa sajanensis P.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 202 (1973)
Trapa verbanensis De Not. Index Seminum (RO, Roma) 1875: 28 (1875)
Trapa longicarpa Jankovic Glasn. Prir. Muz. Srpske Zamlje, Ser. B, Biol. Nauke 10: 115 (1957)
Trapa laevis C.Presl ex Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur. : 249 (1879)
Trapa pseudocolchica V.N.Vassil. Fl. BSSR 3: 459 (1950)
Trapa alatyrica Sprygin ex V.N.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 207 (1973)
Trapa araborum V.N.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1966: 178 (1965)
Trapa annosa Jankovic Glasn. Prir. Muz. Srpske Zamlje, Ser. B, Biol. Nauke 10: 112 (1957)
Trapa algeriensis V.N.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1965: 182 (1965)
Trapa acicularis V.N.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1965: 188 (1965)
Trapa longicornis V.N.Vassil. Fl. URSS 15: 698 (1949)
Trapa maeotica Woronow Izv. Kavkazsk. Muz. 10: 334 (1917)
Trapa astrachanica (Flerow) N.A.Winter Trudy Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 43: 756 (1931)
Trapa pectinata V.N.Vassil. Fl. URSS 15: 697 (1949)
Trapa okensis P.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 201 (1973)
Trapa numidica V.N.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1965: 180 (1965)
Trapa macrorhiza Dobrocz. Fl. RSS Ucr. 7: 634 (1955)
Trapa metschorica P.Vassil. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 208 (1973)
Trapa maleevii V.N.Vassil. Fl. URSS 15: 696 (1949)
Trapa amurensis Flerow Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 34 (1925)
Trapa europaea Flerow Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 23 (1925)
Trapa flerovii Dobrocz. Fl. RSS Ucr. 7: 634 (1955)
Trapa komarovii V.N.Vassil. Fl. URSS 15: 693 (1949)
Trapa manshurica Flerow Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 37 (1925)
Trapa maximowiczii Korsh. Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 12: 336 (1892)
Trapa media (Glück) V.N.Vassil. Fl. BSSR 3: 461 (1950)
Trapa muzzanensis Jäggli Rosl. Polsk. : 421 (1924)
Trapa muzzanensis var. europaea Tacik
Trapa pseudoincisa Nakai J. Jap. Bot. 18(8): 436–437, pl. 3g, pl. 5, f. 8 1942
Trapa rossica V.N.Vassil. Fl. URSS 15: 695 (1949)
Trapa saissanica (Flerow) V.N.Vassil. Fl. Kazakhst. 6: 429 (1963)
Trapa sibirica Flerow Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 32 (1925)
Trapa sibirica var. saisanica Flerow Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 33 (1925)
Trapa tranzschelii V.N.Vassil. Fl. URSS 15: 692 (1949)
Trapa amurensis var. komarovii Skvortsov Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 26:630. 1927
Trapa manshurica f. komarovii (Skv.) S.H.Li & Y.L.Chang Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Or. 6: 137. 1977 , as 'komarovi'
Trapa natans f. quadrispinosa Makino Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 172 1908
Trapa arcuata S.H.Li & Y.L.Chang Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Or. 6: 291 (1977)
Trapa quadrispinosa var. yongxiuensis W.H.Wan J. Jiangxi Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 15(2): 76 (1991)
Trapa pseudoincisa var. complana Z.T.Xiong J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(1): 52, 53 (1985), without latin descr. or type;.
Trapa pseudoincisa var. aspinosa Z.T.Xiong J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(2): 162–163 1985
Trapa bicornis var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Nakano J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(1): 52, 53 (1985), without basionym ref.;.
Trapa bicornis var. taiwanensis (Nakai) Z.T.Xiong et in J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(2): 160 (1985), with basionym ref.
Trapa taiwanensis Nakai J. Jap. Bot. 18: 424 (1942)
Trapa dimorphocarpa Z.S.Diao J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 12(1): 68 1990
Trapa bicornis var. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Steenis Fl. Malesiana, Ser. 1, Spermatoph. 4: 43 1954
Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1: 451 (1820)
Trapa natans var. amurensis (Flerow) Kom.
Trapa bicornis var. quadrispinosa (Roxb.) Z.T.Xiong et in J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(2): 160 (1985), with basionym ref.
Trapa japonica var. longicollum Z.T.Xiong et in J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(2): 161 (1985), with latin descr. and type.
Trapa japonica var. magnicorona Z.T.Xiong et in J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(2): 161 (1985), with latin descr. and type.
Trapa bicornis var. acornis (Nakano) Z.T.Xiong et in J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(2): 160 (1985) with basionym ref.
Trapa bispinosa var. iinumae Nakano
Trapa sibirica var. ussuriensis Flerow
Trapa annosa f. bicornis Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 339 (1986).
Trapa annosa f. pseudomuzzanensis Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 339 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa f. perangusticornis Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 340 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa f. elata Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 340 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa f. concamerata Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 341 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa f. brevicola Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 342 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa f. subcoronata Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 343 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa f. falcata Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 344 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa f. amplicornis Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 344 (1986).
Trapa brevicarpa f. effigia Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 350 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa subsp. perlongicornis Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 339 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa subsp. valida Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 342 (1986).
Trapa brevicarpa subsp. calosa Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 347 (1986).
Trapa brevicarpa subsp. rubida Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 350 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa subvar. miniata Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 342 (1986).
Trapa natans var. hamata Tzvelev Opred. Sosud. Rast. Severo-Zap. Rossii 680 (2000).
Trapa sibirica var. altaica Flerow Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 33. 1925
Trapa amurensis var. bispinosa Flerow Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 35. 1925
Trapa natans var. suroshensis Flerow Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 29. 1925
Trapa manshurica var. tranzschelii (V.Vassil'ev) Kitag. Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 466. 1979
Trapa longicarpa var. rubra Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 340 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa var. contortula Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 341 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa var. spatiosa Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 341 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa var. mammeata Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 344 (1986).
Trapa longicarpa var. loricata Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 345 (1986).
Trapa europaea var. macrocarpa Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 345 (1986).
Trapa europaea var. clipeata Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 346 (1986).
Trapa europaea var. vulgata Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 346 (1986).
Trapa brevicarpa var. mirabila Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 348 (1986).
Trapa brevicarpa var. delicata Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 349 (1986).
Trapa europaea var. egregia Janković Fl. SR Srbije 10: 346 (1986). 1990
Trapa conocarpa var. pyramidalis (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 104 (1993):.
Trapa conocarpa var. suecica (Nath.) Tzvelev Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 104 (1993):.
Trapa rossica var. pseudorossica (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 105 (1993):.
Trapa natans var. borysthenica (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 105 (1993):.
Trapa natans var. europaea (Flerow) Tzvelev Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 105 (1993):.
Trapa astrachanica var. caspica (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 106 (1993):.

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English water caltrop
English water chestnut
English jesuit's nut
Arabic عكر أبو قرون
Arabic ابو قرنين
Assamese পানী শিঙৰি
ba Һыу сәтләүеге
Belarusian Чылім
Belarusian Вадзяны арэх плывучы
Belarusian вадзяны арэх плаваючы
Belarusian калёныя арэхі
Belarusian каменныя арэхі
Bulgarian джулюн
Bulgarian дяволски орех
Bulgarian рогатка
Bulgarian воден орех
Bengali পানিফল
Catalan castanya d'aigua
Catalan castanya d’aigua
Catalan castanyes d'aigua
Catalan trapàcia
Catalan trapàcies
Catalan cairell
Catalan pota de bou
Czech kotvice plovoucí
German gewöhnliche wassernuss
German wassernuss
Esperanto trapo
Estonian harilik vesipähkel
Persian تراپا
Persian سه کنجه خیز
Persian سهٔ کنجهٔ خیز
Persian سهکنجهخیز
Fulah birji ndiyam
Finnish vesipähkinä
French châtaigne d'eau
French mâcre
French mâcre nageante
French macre nageante
Hindi सिंघाड़ा
Upper Sorbian wšědna kótwica
Upper Sorbian wódny worjech
Hungarian sulyom
Armenian Ջրընկույզ
Italian castagna d'acqua
Italian tribolo acquatico
Italian trigol
Japanese ヒシ
Japanese オニビシ
Japanese オニビシ(広義)
Georgian წყლის კაკალი
kbd Аштрамхэр
Kazakh Су шылымы
Lithuanian plūduriuojantysis agaras
lzh 菱
Malayalam കാക്കമുള്ള്
mnc ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠ
Burmese ကျွဲခေါင်းသီးပင်
nan lêng-kak
Norwegian Bokmål vann-nøtt
Norwegian Bokmål vannøtt
Norwegian Bokmål vassnøtt
Dutch waternoot
Dutch waterkastanje
Norwegian Nynorsk vassnøtt
Polish kotewka orzech wodny
Polish orzech wodny
Romanian cornaci
Russian Чилим
Russian орех водяной
Russian водяной орех плавающий
Russian чёртов орех
Russian рогульник плавающий
sd پاني ڦل
Slovak kotvica plávajúca
Swedish sjönöt
Tamil குரலி
Thai กระจ่อม
Turkish su kestanesi
Ukrainian водяний горіх плаваючий
Ukrainian чилім
Ukrainian водяні горіхи звичайні
Vietnamese củ ấu
Chinese 乌菱
Chinese 野菱根
Chinese 菱
Chinese 丘角菱
Chinese 格菱
Chinese 四角野菱
Chinese 欧菱
Chinese 欧菱 (红菱、乌菱）
Chinese 白鹤菌
Chinese 菱叶
Chinese 菱壳
Chinese 菱粉
Chinese 菱茎
Chinese 菱蒂
Chinese 菱角
Chinese 浮菱
Chinese 细果野菱
Chinese 红菱

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Trapa natans var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 11: (283) (1897)
Trapa natans var. japonica Nakai J. Jap. Bot. 18: 429, 431. 1942 (1942)
Trapa natans var. africana Brenan Kew Bull. 8: 171 (1953)
Trapa natans var. magnicorona (Z.T.Xiong) B.Y.Ding & X.F.Jin Guihaia 40: 7 (2020)
Trapa natans var. natans Unknown
Trapa natans var. pseudincisa (Nakai) ined.
Trapa natans var. quadricaudata (Glück) B.Y.Ding & X.F.Jin Guihaia 40: 12 (2020)
Trapa natans var. quadrispinosa (Roxb.) Makino Somoku-Dzusetsu ed. 3, 1: 81 (1907)

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • East Tropical Africa
      • Tanzania
      • Uganda
    • Northeast Tropical Africa
      • Chad
      • Sudan
    • Northern Africa
      • Algeria
      • Tunisia
    • South Tropical Africa
      • Angola
      • Malawi
      • Mozambique
      • Zambia
      • Zimbabwe
    • Southern Africa
      • Botswana
      • Kwazulu-Natal
      • Namibia
    • West Tropical Africa
      • Burkina
      • Guinea-Bissau
      • Nigeria
    • West-central Tropical Africa
      • Cameroon
      • Central African Republic
      • Congo
      • Zaïre
  • Asia-temperate
    • Caucasus
      • North Caucasus
      • Transcaucasus
    • China
      • China North-central
      • China South-central
      • China Southeast
      • Hainan
      • Inner Mongolia
      • Manchuria
      • Tibet
      • Xinjiang
    • Eastern Asia
      • Japan
      • Korea
      • Nansei-shoto
      • Taiwan
    • Middle Asia
      • Kazakhstan
    • Russian Far East
      • Amur
      • Khabarovsk
      • Primorye
    • Siberia
      • Altay
      • Buryatiya
      • Chita
      • Irkutsk
      • Krasnoyarsk
      • West Siberia
    • Western Asia
      • Iran
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam
      • Bangladesh
      • India
      • Nepal
      • Pakistan
      • Sri Lanka
      • West Himalaya
    • Indo-China
      • Cambodia
      • Laos
      • Myanmar
      • Thailand
      • Vietnam
    • Malesia
      • Jawa
      • Philippines
      • Sumatera
  • Europe
    • Eastern Europe
      • Baltic States
      • Belarus
      • Central European Russia
      • East European Russia
      • Krym
      • Northwest European Russia
      • South European Russia
      • Ukraine
    • Middle Europe
      • Austria
      • Czechoslovakia
      • Germany
      • Hungary
      • Poland
      • Switzerland
    • Northern Europe
      • Sweden
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Albania
      • Bulgaria
      • Greece
      • Italy
      • Romania
      • Turkey-in-Europe
      • Yugoslavia
    • Southwestern Europe
      • Baleares
      • France
      • Spain
  • Northern America
    • Eastern Canada
      • Québec
    • Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Connecticut
      • Maine
      • Massachusetts
      • New Hampshire
      • New Jersey
      • New York
      • Pennsylvania
      • Rhode Island
      • Vermont
    • Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Delaware
      • District Of Columbia
      • Maryland
      • Virginia

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000458183
Canadensys 6609
USDA Plants TRNA
Tropicos 32400001
INPN 127081
Flora of Italy 3340
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:614405-1
The Plant List kew-2519351
Open Tree Of Life 17318
Observations.org 7561
NCBI Taxonomy 22666
NBN Atlas NBNSYS0000163906
Nature Serve 2.149241
IUCN Red List 164153
IPNI 614405-1
iNaturalist 169900
IFPNI BA7DF151-71F5-479A-986C-0764DFB6EAF7
GBIF 3188757
Freebase /m/03yk08
EPPO TRPNA
EOL 582969
Elurikkus 373938
US Library of Congress sh85145540
USDA GRIN 36824
Wikipedia Water_caltrop
Plantarium 38851

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCA_035582545.1 ASM3558254v1 Chromosome Zhejiang University 2024-01-12 240 455.31 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
A systematic methodology to assess the identity of plants in historical texts: A case study based on the Byzantine pharmacy text John the Physician's Therapeutics Lardos A, Patmore K, Allkin R, Lazarou R, Nesbitt M, Scott AC, Zipser B J Ethnopharmacol 25-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC7615571
doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.117622
PMID:38128894
Traditional Use of Wild Edible Plants in Slovenia: A Field Study and an Ethnobotanical Literature Review Papež Kristanc A, Kreft S, Strgulc Krajšek S, Kristanc L Plants (Basel) 24-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10934440
doi:10.3390/plants13050621
PMID:38475472
Process optimization for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Rubus discolor leaves extract and its biological activities against multi-drug resistant bacteria and cancer cells Ghasemi S, Dabirian S, Kariminejad F, Koohi DE, Nemattalab M, Majidimoghadam S, Zamani E, Yousefbeyk F Sci Rep 19-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10876668
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54702-9
PMID:38374139
Nanotechnology as a Promising Method in the Treatment of Skin Cancer Adamus-Grabicka AA, Hikisz P, Sikora J Int J Mol Sci 10-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10889690
doi:10.3390/ijms25042165
PMID:38396841
Origin of domesticated water chestnuts (Trapa bispinosa Roxb.) and genetic variation in wild water chestnuts Lam DT, Kataoka T, Yamagishi H, Sun G, Udatsu T, Tanaka K, Ishikawa R Ecol Evol 07-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10850921
doi:10.1002/ece3.10925
PMID:38333092
Characteristics of turion development in two aquatic carnivorous plants: Hormonal profiles, gas exchange and mineral nutrient content Adamec L, Plačková L, Doležal K Plant Direct 11-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10784648
doi:10.1002/pld3.558
PMID:38222932
East meets west: using ethnobotany in ethnic urban markets of Barcelona metropolitan area (Catalonia) as a tool for biocultural exchange D’Ambrosio U, Pozo C, Vallès J, Gras A J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 17-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10726630
doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00636-x
PMID:38105250
Morpho-chemical characterization of individual ancient starches retrieved on ground stone tools from Palaeolithic sites in the Pontic steppe Birarda G, Badetti E, Cagnato C, Sorrentino G, Pantyukhina I, Stani C, Dal Zilio S, Khlopachev G, Covalenco S, Obada T, Skakun N, Sinitsyn A, Terekhina V, Marcomini A, Lubritto C, Cefarin N, Vaccari L, Longo L Sci Rep 07-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10709628
doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46970-8
PMID:38065952
Ethnobotanical contributions to global fishing communities: a review Mendoza JN, Hanazaki N, Prūse B, Martini A, Bittner MV, Kochalski S, Macusi E, Ciriaco A, Mattalia G, Sõukand R J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 02-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10693712
doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00630-3
PMID:38042774
The Characterization and Study of Antibacterial, Free Radical Scavenging, and Anticancer Potential of Livistona chinensis-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles Saleem A, Ali S, Aftab MN, Shami A, Al-Saeed FA, Mustafa B, Paray BA Molecules 25-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10708060
doi:10.3390/molecules28237773
PMID:38067504
Preparation of chemically and thermally modified water caltrop epicarp (Trapa natans L.) adsorbent for enhanced adsorption of Ni(II) from aqueous solution Mukhlish MZ, Nazibunnesa S, Islam S, Al Mahmood AS, Uddin MT Heliyon 02-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10661450
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21862
PMID:38027613
Very low prevalence of haemosporidian parasites in two species of marsh terns Dubiec A, Atamas N, Ledwoń M Parasitol Res 01-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10667446
doi:10.1007/s00436-023-07997-y
PMID:37907627
Pangenome of water caltrop reveals structural variations and asymmetric subgenome divergence after allopolyploidization Zhang X, Chen Y, Wang L, Yuan Y, Fang M, Shi L, Lu R, Comes HP, Ma Y, Chen Y, Huang G, Zhou Y, Zheng Z, Qiu Y Hortic Res 13-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10689057
doi:10.1093/hr/uhad203
PMID:38046854
Focus on cell walls Geitmann A, Bacic A( Plant Physiol 11-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10756750
doi:10.1093/plphys/kiad537
PMID:37819051
Beyond taxonomic diversity patterns – investigating how α and β components of macrophyte functional diversity respond to environmental gradients in lotic ecosystems of Greece Stefanidis K, Oikonomou A, Dimitrellos G, Tsoukalas D, Papastergiadou E Front Plant Sci 08-Sep-2023
PMCID:PMC10514920
doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1204383
PMID:37746009

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Histidine and derivatives
Histidine 6274 Click to see C1=C(NC=N1)CC(C(=O)O)N 155.15 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/B97-175
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Primary amines / Monoalkylamines
Cadaverine 273 Click to see 102.18 unknown https://doi.org/10.1139/B97-175

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Collections Top

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