Tilia europaea
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID643ffee6346bd878073559 |
| Scientific name | Tilia europaea |
| Authority | L. |
| First published in | Sp. Pl. : 514 (1753) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
In historic European practice, the linden flower was widely taken as an infusion to encourage sweating and ease mild nervous tension, and the wood chips were occasionally simmered in water and drunk as a decoction for colicky discomfort. Among British herbalists of the 19th century, Felter and Lloyd reported that the flowers were traditionally infused for colds and nervous complaints, while an earlier British Pharmacopoeia recorded linden flower infusion as a diaphoretic and antispasmodic remedy (British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1867; Felter & Lloyd, 1905). In France, the French Codex included preparations of Tilia flowers for similar indications as a mild sudorific and antispasmodic (French Codex, 1937), and in Germany, the flower infusion was used for colds, cough, and nervous headache, with the resinous buds and leaves sometimes macerated and applied as a poultice to treat wounds and bruises (Blumenthal et al., 1998; Matokat & Weizel, 1964).
A practical preparation that reflects this historic use is a simple flower infusion for colds and cough. Place 2–3 grams of dried linden flowers in a cup, pour 200 milliliters of just-boiled water, cover and steep for 10–15 minutes, then strain. Drink 1 cup warm, up to three times a day. Only the flowers should be used in this way; long-term or high‑dose internal use of linden has not been well established, and in some cases large amounts have been linked to liver enzymes and potential hepatotoxicity, so do not exceed labeled amounts, discontinue if you notice nausea, abdominal discomfort, or yellowing of the skin or eyes, and consult a healthcare professional if you are pregnant, nursing, or taking other medicines (Matokat & Weizel, 1964; ESCOP, 2003; EMA, 2016).
Phytochemical studies of linden confirm several constituents that plausibly account for its soothing actions, notably flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, phenylpropanoids including chlorogenic acid, and high‑mucilage polysaccharides that form a demulcent film in the mouth and throat (Blumenthal et al., 1998; Matokat & Weizel, 1964). These compounds act together as mild vasodilators, mild anxiolytics, and demulcents, supporting the historic uses as a calming, sweat‑inducing tea for respiratory discomfort.
Contemporary relevance follows directly from those traditions. Today linden flower tea remains widely available as a commercial herbal product, and modern systematic reviews continue to support its use in colds and mild nervous tension alongside clinical dossiers maintained by the European Medicines Agency, ensuring quality standards for the raw material and its preparations (EMA, 2016; Blumenthal et al., 1998).
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
European linden (Tilia europaea) is primarily used as carving wood for sculpture and decorative elements. It yields a lightweight, low-density timber with a fine, straight grain and low shrinkage, widely favored for easy machinability and paint adhesion. The wood also produces paper pulp suitable for white and dissolving grades due to its relatively low lignin content and high alpha‑cellulose; matches and clogs are traditional products that exploit its softness and lack of resin.
Industrial and craft applications:
European linden is used for turnery, millwork, interior joinery, and pattern making where stability and ease of carving are required. Historical and regional craft uses of inner-bast fibers for twine and coarse cordage have been recorded; bark fiber has been employed for tying and binding in woodworking and agricultural contexts. The species is also valued as a pollen and nectar source by beekeepers, contributing to linden honey production in parts of Europe.
Wood and fiber:
Heartwood is pale, with sapwood commonly used interchangeably. The wood’s low moisture movement and isotropic shrinkage allow carved details to remain stable, while its fine grain enables smooth finishing. Bast fibers have high cellulose and low lignin, yielding moderate tensile strength and flexibility suitable for binding rather than fine textiles.
Colorants and tanning:
Linden bark has been recorded as a source of tannins used in historical leather tanning mixtures; leaves can yield yellow–green dyes for wool when mordanted.
Properties relevant to use:
European linden timber typically has a density of approximately 450–600 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content, low shrinkage and warping, and relatively low extractives; bark contains hydrolyzable tannins. The wood’s low lignin content facilitates chemical pulping and bleaching to high brightness pulps.
Sustainability and sourcing:
European linden is managed in mixed hardwood stands and plantation settings within Europe. Certifications such as FSC and PEFC apply to forest management and chain-of-custody. Volumetric growth rates are moderate, and the species is generally not listed under CITES.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Tilia pseudobliqua | Simonk. | Math. Term. Közlem. 22: 300 (1888) |
| Tilia vulgaris | Hill | Brit. Herb. 523 (1756); Druce in Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles, 1913, iii. 410. |
| Tilia vulgaris | B.Heyne | Getreue Darstell. Gew. 3: t. 47 1813 |
| Tilia subparvifolia | Borbás | Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 7: 4 (1889) |
| Tilia hybrida | Behlen | Forstbot. , ed. 5: 161 (1843) |
| Tilia intermedia | DC. | Prodr. 1: 518 (1824) |
| Tilia oxycarpa | Rchb. ex Bayer | Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 12: 37 (1862) |
| Tilia officinarum | Crantz | Stirp. Austr. Fasc. 2: 61 (1763) |
| Tilia carnuntiae | Heinr.Braun | Oesterr. Bot. Z. 45: 320 (1895) |
| Tilia communis | Gaterau | Desc. Pl. Montauban : 98 (1789) |
| Tilia banatica | Beldie | Fl. Republ. Popul. Român. 6: 82 (1958) |
| Tilia croatica | Degen & Heinr.Braun | Fl. Veleb. 2: 421 (1937) |
| Tilia eriostylis | Borbás | Magyar Orv. Termész. Nagy Gyül. Tört. Vázl. Munk. 23: 384 (1887) |
| Tilia acuminata | Opiz | Seznam : 98 (1852) |
| Tilia cordata f. vulgaris | Ig.Vassil. | |
| Tilia platyphyllos subsp. grandifolia | Hayek | |
| Tilia bohemica | Dalla Torre & Sarnth. | Fl. Tirol 6(2): 803. 1909 |
| Tilia floribunda | Rchb. | Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. (H.G.L. Reichenbach) 6: 58, t. 314. [1842-1844] |
| Tilia europaea var. latifolia | Ten. | |
| Tilia europaea var. pallida | (Wierzb. ex Rchb.) Rehder | |
| Tilia europaea f. pendula | Rehder | |
| Tilia sylvestris subsp. intermedia | (DC.) Bonnier |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | common lime |
| English | common linden |
| Spanish | tilo europeo |
| Spanish | tilo hibrido de holanda |
| Spanish | tilo híbrido de holanda |
| Arabic | زيزفون أوروبي |
| Azerbaijani | avropa cökəsi |
| Belarusian | ліпа звычайная |
| Bulgarian | европейска липа |
| Czech | lípa obecná |
| cv | Европа çăки |
| Welsh | pisgwydden |
| Danish | kejser-lind |
| Danish | park-lind |
| German | holländische linde |
| German | kaiser-linde |
| Estonian | läänepärn |
| Persian | نمدار معمولی |
| Finnish | puistolehmus |
| French | tilleul commun |
| French | tilleul intermédiaire |
| Irish | teile choiteann |
| Upper Sorbian | nižozemska lipa |
| Icelandic | garðalind |
| Japanese | セイヨウシナノキ |
| Japanese | ティユール |
| Japanese | リンデンバウム |
| Japanese | セイヨウボダイジュ |
| mul | tilia × carnutiae |
| mul | tilia × pallida |
| mul | tilia × bohemica |
| mul | tilia × oxycarpa |
| mul | tilia × officinarum |
| mul | tilia × intermedia |
| mul | tilia × croatica |
| mul | tilia × eriostylis |
| mul | tilia × acuminata |
| mul | tilia × banatica |
| mul | tilia × communis |
| mul | tilia × platyphylla |
| mul | tilia × pseudobliqua |
| mul | tilia × subparvifolia |
| mul | tilia × vulgaris |
| mul | tilia × floribunda |
| mul | tilia × hybrida |
| Norwegian Bokmål | parklind |
| Dutch | hollandse linde |
| Norwegian Nynorsk | parklind |
| os | Европæйаг сусхъæд |
| Russian | Липа европейская |
| Russian | Липа обыкновенная |
| sco | lind |
| Slovak | lipa obyčajná |
| Slovenian | evropska lipa |
| Slovenian | navadna lipa |
| Serbian | Европска Липа |
| Swedish | parklind |
| tt | Яурупа юкәсе |
| udm | Европаысь беризь |
| Chinese | 欧洲椴 |
| Chinese | 西洋椴 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
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Asia-temperate click to expand
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Middle Asia
- Uzbekistan
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Middle Asia
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Europe click to expand
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Eastern Europe
- Ukraine
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Middle Europe
- Austria
- Czechoslovakia
- Germany
- Hungary
- Poland
- Switzerland
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Northern Europe
- Great Britain
- Ireland
- Sweden
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Southeastern Europe
- Greece
- Italy
- Romania
- Sicilia
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Southwestern Europe
- France
- Spain
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Eastern Europe
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Northern America click to expand
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North-central U.S.A.
- Minnesota
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North-central U.S.A.
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000457539 |
| UNII | R43LD7MX6S |
| Canadensys | 17313 |
| USDA Plants | TIEU4 |
| Tropicos | 32200185 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:835306-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2518295 |
| Missouri Botanical Garden | 287366 |
| Observations.org | 336559 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 644191 |
| IPNI | 835306-1 |
| iNaturalist | 410499 |
| GBIF | 3152046 |
| Freebase | /m/03gqh2w |
| EPPO | TILVU |
| EOL | 486445 |
| Elurikkus | 7943 |
| Elurikkus | 365932 |
| USDA GRIN | 36679 |
| Wikipedia | Tilia_%C3%97_europaea |
| CMAUP | NPO7987 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 3942887 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
| Title | Authors | Publication | Released | IDs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commodity risk assessment of Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos plants from the UK | Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P | EFSA J | 03-May-2024 |
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| Commodity risk assessment of Corylus avellana plants from the UK | Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P | EFSA J | 12-Jan-2024 |
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| Temporal variation of allergenic potential in urban parks during the vegetation period: a case study from Bratislava, Slovakia | Zahradníková E, Rendeková A, Ščevková J | Environ Sci Pollut Res Int | 05-Dec-2023 |
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| A comparative study regarding the adulteration detection of honey: Physicochemical parameters vs. impedimetric data | Oroian M, Dranca F, Ropciuc S, Pauliuc D | Curr Res Food Sci | 17-Nov-2023 |
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| Commodity risk assessment of Quercus petraea plants from the UK | Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P | EFSA J | 30-Oct-2023 |
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| Commodity risk assessment of Quercus robur plants from the UK | Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P | EFSA J | 30-Oct-2023 |
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| Forensic examination of a fragmentary funerary portrait in the collection of the Harvard art museums | Rayner G, Eremin K, Smith K, Cartwright C, Degryse P, Ebbinghaus S | Forensic Sci Int Synerg | 10-Oct-2023 |
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| Cryo-attenuated properties of Tilia miqueliana pericarps and seeds | Wu Y, Sun XR, Peng CY, Shen YB, Visscher AM, Pritchard HW, Wang MZ, Deng ZY | Front Plant Sci | 15-Aug-2023 |
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| Commodity risk assessment of Fagus sylvatica plants from the UK | Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Gardi C, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P | EFSA J | 28-Jul-2023 |
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| Anthropological significance of Tilia trees in Japan | Janowski D | Ecol Evol | 12-Jul-2023 |
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| Re-Examination of Several Elsinoë Species Reported from Japan | Ujat AH, Ono T, Hattori Y, Nakashima C | Mycobiology | 15-Jun-2023 |
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| New Strategies to Increase the Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Woody Ornamental Plants in Mediterranean Climate | Leotta L, Toscano S, Ferrante A, Romano D, Francini A | Plants (Basel) | 18-May-2023 |
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| In Vitro Activity of Farnesol against Malassezia pachydermatis Isolates from Otitis Externa Cases in Dogs | Olabode IR, Sachivkina N, Karamyan A, Mannapova R, Kuznetsova O, Bobunova A, Zhabo N, Avdonina M, Gurina R | Animals (Basel) | 05-Apr-2023 |
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| Breathing Fresh Air in the City: Implementing Avenue Trees as a Sustainable Solution to Reduce Particulate Pollution in Urban Agglomerations | Mandal M, Popek R, Przybysz A, Roy A, Das S, Sarkar A | Plants (Basel) | 03-Apr-2023 |
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| Effect of Silane Coupling Agent Modification on Properties of Brass Powder-Water-Based Acrylic Coating on Tilia europaea | Han Y, Yan X | Polymers (Basel) | 10-Mar-2023 |
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Phytochemical Profile Top
Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthraquinones / Hydroxyanthraquinones | |||||
| 1,3,5-Trihydroxy-7-methyl-2-(1,3,5-trihydroxy-7-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracen-2-yl)anthracene-9,10-dione | 54752972 | Click to see | 538.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 1,4,7-Trihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methylanthracene-9,10-dione | 54752971 | Click to see | 300.26 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Butyrophenones | |||||
| Rhodomyrtosone A | 102521923 | Click to see | 456.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Dibenzylbutane lignans | |||||
| 9,9'-Di-O-(E)-feruloylsecoisolariciresinol | 10439806 | Click to see | 714.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Hopanoids | |||||
| (3I(2),21I(2))-Aa(2)-Neogammacer-22(30)-ene-3,29-diol | 102032092 | Click to see | 442.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Quinone and hydroquinone lipids / Vitamin E compounds / Tocopherols | |||||
| Vitamin E | 14985 | Click to see | 430.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| 3,8-Dimethyl-5-propan-2-yl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol | 3015179 | Click to see CC1CCC(C2=C1C=C(C(=C2)C)O)C(C)C | 218.33 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)85056-0 |
| 7-Hydroxycalamenene | 13368075 | Click to see | 218.33 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)85056-0 |
| CID 13368072 | 13368072 | Click to see | 218.33 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)85056-0 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesterterpenoids / Scalarane sesterterpenoids | |||||
| Taraxerol | 92097 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| (1R,3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bS,13aR,13bR)-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol | 11876093 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aR,11R,12S,12aS,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,12,14b-octamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-ol | 10836206 | Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10R,12aR,14bR)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid | 7061300 | Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C | 456.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (6Z,10E,14Z,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene | 25244109 | Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C)C)C)C | 410.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(1R,3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bR)-3a-(hydroxymethyl)-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl] acetate | 479957 | Click to see | 484.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 11-Oxo-beta-amyrin | 20055661 | Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CC(=O)C4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C | 440.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 3-O-p-Coumaroyloleanolic acid | 10579517 | Click to see | 602.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 3beta-Acetoxy-11alpha,12alpha-epoxyoleanan-28,13beta-olide | 21626351 | Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC2(C(C1(C)C)CCC3(C2C4C(O4)C56C3(CCC7(C5CC(CC7)(C)C)C(=O)O6)C)C)C | 512.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Arjunolic acid | 73641 | Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C | 488.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Beta-Amyrin | 73145 | Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Betulin | 72326 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)CO | 442.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Betulonic acid | 122844 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)C)C(=O)O | 454.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Friedelin | 91472 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Lupeol | 259846 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| methyl (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aS,10R,12aR,14bS)-10-hydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate | 40884490 | Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)OC | 470.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Methyl Betulonate | 10766700 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)C)C(=O)OC | 468.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Squalene | 638072 | Click to see | 410.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| 17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol | 86821 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C | 414.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1988-3-404 |
| Stigmast-4-en-3-one | 5484202 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C)C(C)C | 412.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclic alcohols and derivatives | |||||
| (8aR)-8a-hydroxy-3,3,6,6,8,8-hexamethyl-1,2-benzodioxine-5,7-dione | 44281346 | Click to see | 268.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / Xanthenes | |||||
| (10R,16R,24R)-12-hydroxy-5,5,7,7,19,19,21,21-octamethyl-13-(3-methylbutanoyl)-10-(2-methylpropyl)-16-propan-2-yl-3,15,17-trioxahexacyclo[12.10.0.02,11.04,9.016,24.018,23]tetracosa-1,4(9),11,13,18(23)-pentaene-6,8,20,22-tetrone | 56929125 | Click to see | 688.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (10S,16R,24R)-12-hydroxy-5,5,7,7,19,19,21,21-octamethyl-13-(3-methylbutanoyl)-10-(2-methylpropyl)-16-propan-2-yl-3,15,17-trioxahexacyclo[12.10.0.02,11.04,9.016,24.018,23]tetracosa-1,4(9),11,13,18(23)-pentaene-6,8,20,22-tetrone | 56929124 | Click to see | 688.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (9R)-6,8-dihydroxy-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-5-(3-methylbutanoyl)-9-(2-methylpropyl)-9H-xanthene-1,3-dione | 102521922 | Click to see | 442.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (9S)-6,8-dihydroxy-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-7-(3-methylbutanoyl)-9-(2-methylpropyl)-9H-xanthene-1,3-dione | 26202536 | Click to see CC(C)CC1C2=C(C=C(C(=C2O)C(=O)CC(C)C)O)OC3=C1C(=O)C(C(=O)C3(C)C)(C)C | 442.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Rhodomyrtone | 12050020 | Click to see | 442.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acid esters / Coumaric acid esters | |||||
| Triacontyl p-coumarate | 14213589 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=CC1=CC=C(C=C1)O | 585.00 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Depsides and depsidones | |||||
| Squamatic acid | 5321482 | Click to see CC1=CC(=C(C(=C1C(=O)O)O)C)OC(=O)C2=C(C(=C(C=C2C)OC)C(=O)O)O | 390.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 7-O-methylated flavonoids | |||||
| Combretol | 12303802 | Click to see | 388.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins | |||||
| 2,3,8-Tri-O-methylellagic acid | 5281860 | Click to see COC1=C(C2=C3C(=C1)C(=O)OC4=C3C(=CC(=C4OC)O)C(=O)O2)OC | 344.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| beta-Pedunculagin | 5320441 | Click to see | 784.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
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