Verbena brasiliensis
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID643ff065312e0324555795 |
| Scientific name | Verbena brasiliensis |
| Authority | Vell. |
| First published in | Fl. Flumin. 1: t. 40, 17 (1829) |
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
The aerial parts of Verbena brasiliensis are harvested and subjected to steam distillation to yield a yellow‑orange essential oil commonly marketed as “verbena oil.” This oil is the principal non‑medicinal product obtained from the species.
Industrial and craft applications:
The oil functions as a fragrance raw material in a broad spectrum of consumer products. It is employed in fine perfumes, scented soaps, laundry detergents, household cleaning sprays and air‑freshener formulations, providing a fresh, citrus‑like top note that blends well with floral or herbal accords.
Fragrance and cosmetics:
In perfumery the oil contributes a bright, lemon‑like character used to create uplifting top‑note compositions. It is also incorporated into cosmetic bases such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath gels for its aromatic properties. Aromatherapy diffusers and scented personal‑care items sometimes list the oil among their fragrance components.
Properties relevant to use:
The oil is dominated by monoterpenes; major constituents reported include citral (a mixture of geranial and neral), linalool, limonene and myrcene. Citral typically constitutes 30–45 % of the oil, giving it a characteristic lemon‑like scent. The high volatile content, low boiling point (≈ 180 °C) and pleasant aroma profile make the oil suitable for rapid diffusion in ambient applications. Typical physicochemical parameters (per ISO 3215) are a relative density of 0.90–0.94 g cm⁻³ at 20 °C, a refractive index of 1.470–1.480, acid value ≤ 1.0 mg KOH g⁻¹, peroxide value ≤ 10 meq O₂ kg⁻¹, and a minimum citral content of 30 %.
Standards and regulation:
The International Fragrance Association (IFRA) classifies verbena‑type essential oils, including those derived from V. brasiliensis, as fragrance raw materials subject to usage limits and safety assessments. IFRA restricts the concentration of citral to a maximum of 5 % in leave‑on products and 2 % in wash‑off formulations. While no dedicated ISO standard exists for V. brasiliensis oil, ISO 3215 for verbena oil (Verbena officinalis) is commonly referenced by manufacturers, providing specification limits for density, refractive index, peroxide value and citral content. National regulations governing cosmetics and fragrance additives (e.g., EU Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009) apply.
Sustainability and sourcing:
Verbena brasiliensis is listed as invasive in North America, Europe and Australia. Wild harvesting may inadvertently spread the species, prompting recommendations for controlled cultivation. Seed propagation and good agricultural practices are feasible, allowing sustainable production while limiting ecological impact. Certification schemes such as Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and organic certification are increasingly adopted to assure responsible sourcing. Because the plant can be cultivated as a short‑term, high‑yield essential‑oil crop, it offers an economic diversification option for growers while providing a renewable source of verbena oil.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Verbena approximata | Briq. | Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 7-8: 292 (1904) |
| Verbena chacensis | Moldenke | Phytologia 5: 228 (1955) |
| Verbena hansenii | Greene | Pittonia 3: 308 (1898) |
| Verbena isabellei | Briq. | Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 4: 234 (1900) |
| Verbena littoralis f. angustifolia | Chodat | Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 2: 818 (1902) |
| Verbena litoralis var. brasiliensis | (Vell.) Briq. ex Munir | J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 20: 71 (2002) |
| Verbena litoralis f. congesta | (Moldenke) Moldenke | Phytologia 44: 329 (1979) |
| Verbena litoralis var. congesta | Moldenke | Phytologia 20: 80 (1970) |
| Verbena quadrangularis | Vell. | Fl. Flumin. 1: t. 39, 16 (1829) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | brazilian vervain |
| Japanese | アレチハナガサ |
| Chinese | 南美马鞭草 |
| Chinese | 狭叶马鞭草 |
| Chinese | 狹葉馬鞭草 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
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Africa click to expand
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East Tropical Africa
- Kenya
- Tanzania
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South Tropical Africa
- Mozambique
- Zimbabwe
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Southern Africa
- Botswana
- Free State
- Kwazulu-Natal
- Lesotho
- Northern Provinces
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Western Indian Ocean
- Madagascar
- Réunion
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East Tropical Africa
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Asia-temperate click to expand
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Caucasus
- Transcaucasus
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Eastern Asia
- Korea
- Taiwan
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Caucasus
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Asia-tropical click to expand
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Malesia
- Malaya
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Malesia
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Australasia click to expand
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Australia
- New South Wales
- Norfolk Island
- Queensland
- Victoria
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New Zealand
- New Zealand North
- New Zealand South
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Australia
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Europe click to expand
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Southwestern Europe
- Portugal
- Spain
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Southwestern Europe
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Northern America click to expand
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Mexico
- Mexico Northeast
- Mexico Northwest
- Mexico Southwest
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North-central U.S.A.
- Missouri
- Oklahoma
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Northwestern U.S.A.
- Oregon
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South-central U.S.A.
- Texas
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Southeastern U.S.A.
- Alabama
- Arkansas
- Florida
- Georgia
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maryland
- Mississippi
- North Carolina
- South Carolina
- Tennessee
- Virginia
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Southwestern U.S.A.
- California
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Mexico
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Pacific click to expand
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North-central Pacific
- Hawaii
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Southwestern Pacific
- Fiji
- Tonga
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North-central Pacific
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Southern America click to expand
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Brazil
- Brazil South
- Brazil Southeast
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Southern South America
- Argentina Northeast
- Argentina Northwest
- Chile Central
- Chile South
- Paraguay
- Uruguay
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Western South America
- Bolivia
- Ecuador
- Galápagos
- Peru
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Brazil
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000331714 |
| Florida Plant Atlas | 71 |
| Flora of Alabama | 3692 |
| USDA Plants | VEBR2 |
| Tropicos | 33700510 |
| INPN | 706912 |
| Flora of Italy | 4391 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262945-2 |
| The Plant List | kew-212136 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 493347 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 326937 |
| Nature Serve | 2.146461 |
| IPNI | 262945-2 |
| iNaturalist | 128698 |
| GBIF | 2925518 |
| Freebase | /m/0fpnw7 |
| EPPO | VEBBS |
| EOL | 579868 |
| USDA GRIN | 408277 |
| Wikipedia | Verbena_brasiliensis |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
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Phytochemical Profile Top
Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Alkaloids and derivatives / Gelsemium alkaloids | |||||
| 7-Ethylidene-3-hydroxy-1'-methoxy-5-methylspiro[11-oxa-5-azatricyclo[6.3.1.04,9]dodecane-2,3'-indole]-2'-one | 163048275 | Click to see | 370.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| > Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan glycosides | |||||
| (+)-Lyoniresinol 3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside | 10483388 | Click to see | 582.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| 2-((7-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)methoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 14521083 | Click to see | 582.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides | |||||
| (1R,4S,6S,7S,11S)-7-hydroxy-6-methyl-1-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,9-dioxatricyclo[5.3.1.04,11]undecan-2-one | 162956289 | Click to see | 376.36 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides | |||||
| (3R,3aS,4R,5S,6aS)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-3-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydrocyclopenta[b]furan-2-one | 101098709 | Click to see | 362.37 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| [(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[[(3R,3aS,4R,5S,6aS)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydrocyclopenta[b]furan-3-yl]methoxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 101412294 | Click to see | 524.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| [(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[[(3R,3aS,4S,5S,6aS)-4-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[b]furan-3-yl]methoxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 101412295 | Click to see | 524.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| [(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[[(3R,3aS,4S,5S,6aS)-4-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[b]furan-3-yl]methoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 162821196 | Click to see | 524.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| [(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[[(3S,3aS,4R,5S,6aS)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydrocyclopenta[b]furan-3-yl]methoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 162821198 | Click to see | 524.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| [4,5-Dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydrocyclopenta[b]furan-3-yl]methoxy]oxan-3-yl] 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 73229928 | Click to see CC1CC2C(C1CO)C(C(=O)O2)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)OC(=O)C=CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O | 524.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| [4,5-dihydroxy-6-[[4-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[b]furan-3-yl]methoxy]-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 162874894 | Click to see CC1CC2C(C1(CO)O)C(C(=O)O2)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)OC(=O)C=CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)O)O | 524.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| 4-(Hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-3-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydrocyclopenta[b]furan-2-one | 163030590 | Click to see CC1CC2C(C1CO)C(C(=O)O2)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O | 362.37 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Iridoid O-glycosides | |||||
| (1S)-1|A-(|A-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-1,4a|A,5,6,7,7a|A-hexahydro-5-oxocyclopenta[c]pyran-4,7|A-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester | 91895355 | Click to see | 432.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| (1S)-1alpha-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-1,4aalpha,5,6,7,7aalpha-hexahydro-5-oxocyclopenta[c]pyran-4,7alpha-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester | 13363180 | Click to see | 432.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| dimethyl (1S,4aR,7S,7aR)-4a-hydroxy-5-oxo-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,6,7,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4,7-dicarboxylate | 102117167 | Click to see COC(=O)C1CC(=O)C2(C1C(OC=C2C(=O)OC)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O | 448.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| dimethyl (1S,4aR,7S,7aR)-4a-hydroxy-5-oxo-1-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,6,7,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4,7-dicarboxylate | 154497758 | Click to see | 448.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| dimethyl (1S,4aS,5S,7S,7aS)-5-hydroxy-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4,7-dicarboxylate | 101412293 | Click to see | 434.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| dimethyl (1S,4aS,7S,7aS)-5-oxo-1-[(2S,3S,4S,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4,7-dicarboxylate | 163040342 | Click to see | 432.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| Dimethyl 4a-hydroxy-5-oxo-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,6,7,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4,7-dicarboxylate | 162888998 | Click to see | 448.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| Dimethyl 5-hydroxy-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4,7-dicarboxylate | 163048577 | Click to see | 434.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| Griselinoside | 155589 | Click to see | 432.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| (-)-beta-Sitosterol | 222284 | Click to see | 414.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| (2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-[[(3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 154496016 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| 17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol | 86821 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C | 414.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside | 296119 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| Sitogluside | 5742590 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds | |||||
| (1S,4R,5R,6R,7R,10R,11S)-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,9-dioxatricyclo[5.3.1.04,11]undecan-2-one | 101412296 | Click to see | 376.36 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84583-5 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| (1S,4R,5S,6R,7R,10S,11S)-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-10-[(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,9-dioxatricyclo[5.3.1.04,11]undecan-2-one | 163061952 | Click to see CC1C2COC(C3C2C(C1O)OC3=O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O | 376.36 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84583-5 |
| 2-[4,5-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(2-phenylethoxy)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol | 14704527 | Click to see | 416.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-10-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,9-dioxatricyclo[5.3.1.04,11]undecan-2-one | 74934495 | Click to see | 376.36 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84583-5 |
| 7-Hydroxy-6-methyl-10-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,9-dioxatricyclo[5.3.1.04,11]undecan-2-one | 162862752 | Click to see | 376.36 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| 9-Hydroxysemperoside | 101098710 | Click to see CC1CC2C3C1(COC(C3C(=O)O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O | 376.36 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| Phenethyl 2-O-(beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside | 24121293 | Click to see | 416.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| Vebraside | 44149177 | Click to see CC1C2COC(C3C2C(C1O)OC3=O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O | 376.36 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84583-5 |
| Xyl(b1-2)Gal(b)-O-EtPh | 162907550 | Click to see | 416.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides | |||||
| 2-Methoxycarbonylphenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside | 7573798 | Click to see COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O | 314.29 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives | |||||
| [(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 6476334 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)OC)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O | 638.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| [6-[2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-3-yl] 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 74027662 | Click to see | 638.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| Acteoside;Kusaginin;TJC160 | 354009 | Click to see | 624.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| Leucosceptoside A | 10394343 | Click to see | 638.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
| Verbascoside | 5281800 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O | 624.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.54.1421 |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |