Salvia multicaulis
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID643febd014524160613840 |
| Scientific name | Salvia multicaulis |
| Authority | Vahl |
| First published in | Enum. Pl. Obs. 1: 225 (1804) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Salvia multicaulis has been reported as an herbal tea or infusion across the eastern Mediterranean and adjacent regions. In central and western Turkey, Ghirardini recorded leaf infusions taken for colds and stomach complaints. Across Iran and the Kurdish region, Sadeghi et al. and Amiri et al. describe leaves steeped in hot water for coughs and digestive ailments, while Naghibi et al. note a decoction of roots used for fever and colic. In the South Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia), the pharmacopoeia cited by Khanina records leaf infusions for throat inflammation and cough, and Macit et al. document a similar use among Turkish communities. Most sources specify the aerial parts—leaves and young shoots—and distinguish leaf teas from root decoctions when describing the preparation. The preparation is typically brief and mild; in Kerman province, leaf infusion is prepared by pouring hot water over 5–10 g of fresh leaves, straining after 10–15 minutes, and drinking one cup two to three times daily. For a stronger preparation, leaves are boiled for about five minutes, cooled, and taken as needed for cough and sore throat.
A common recommendation is to steep 1–2 teaspoons of dried leaf in 250 mL of hot water for 10–15 minutes and sip slowly. Because the species contains constituents that can be irritant at high doses, most manuals advise avoiding long, concentrated decoctions and advise moderation in frequency. Pregnant or nursing people should avoid use, and it is not recommended for children. If an ethanol tincture is preferred in regions where a leaf tincture is made, use fresh leaves at a ratio of 1 part herb to 5 parts 40–50% alcohol by weight/volume, macerate in a dark bottle for 2–3 weeks with daily shaking, and then press and filter. As the plant contains thujone-related terpenes, use small volumes and short courses, stopping if stomach upset or dizziness occurs.
The essential oil is dominated by camphor and related monoterpenes, with frequent reports of 1,8-cineole, α- and β-thujone, borneol, and α-pinene; carnosol and carnosic acid occur at lower levels. Phenolics such as rosmarinic acid and luteolin derivatives have also been quantified. These classes of compounds plausibly explain the antimicrobial, spasmolytic, and tonic actions reported for the infusions and decoctions.
Interest in Salvia multicaulis remains active: commercial teas are available in some Turkish markets, and several recent phytochemical studies continue to investigate its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties alongside ongoing ethnobotanical surveys across Iran, Turkey, and the Caucasus.
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts is the primary commercial product. Commercial applications include fragrance and flavor uses where the oil is used in perfumery and as a natural flavoring component.
Industrial and craft applications:
The essential oil is employed as a fragrance material in soaps and detergents and as a flavoring agent in processed foods and beverages where Salvia-derived sage notes are desired. The phenolic-rich extract is used as a natural antioxidant in food packaging to inhibit oxidation of lipids in fatty foods.
Properties relevant to use:
Essential-oil chemotypes contain high levels of monoterpenes such as 1,8-cineole and camphor, conferring characteristic medicinal-sage odors and volatility appropriate for fragrance uses. Polar phenolic extracts (flavonoids and phenolic acids) show antioxidant activity that delays lipid oxidation in food matrices.
Standards and regulation:
Essential oils for flavor use are regulated under national flavor standards, and cosmetic applications must comply with relevant cosmetic safety regulations and any ISO/ASTM specifications for essential-oil testing (e.g., refractive index, specific gravity, and gas-chromatographic identification limits).
Sustainability and sourcing:
The plant is collected in the wild from rocky, mountainous habitats across the Near East and Central Asia. Sustainable harvesting and geographic chemotype profiling are emphasized to maintain oil quality and prevent overharvest. Seasonal phenology affects yield, with flowering stage harvesting producing higher oil concentrations. In some regions, cultivation or agronomic trials are explored to reduce pressure on wild populations.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Arischrada multicaulis | (Vahl) Pobed. | Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 9: 247 (1972) |
| Salvia bodeana | Bunge | Labiat. Persic. : 42 (1873) |
| Salvia pinardi | Boiss. | Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 59 (1853) |
| Salvia rascheyana | Boiss. | Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 58 (1853) |
| Salvia szovitsiana | Bunge | Labiat. Persic. : 43 (1873) |
| Schraderia acetabulosa | (Vahl) Pobed. | Fl. URSS 21: 369 (1954) |
| Stiefia multicaulis | (Vahl) Soják | Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 152: 22 (1983) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| Arabic | قصعين متعدد السوق |
| Persian | مریمگلی پرساقه |
| Hebrew | מרווה רחבת-גביע |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
Western Asia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Lebanon-Syria
- Palestine
- Sinai
- Turkey
-
Western Asia
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000301657 |
| Tropicos | 17600598 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:456747-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-183253 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 5921568 |
| Observations.org | 134998 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 1685714 |
| IPNI | 456747-1 |
| iNaturalist | 493013 |
| GBIF | 3895293 |
| Freebase | /m/0bxzj4h |
| EOL | 6342652 |
| Elurikkus | 435566 |
| Wikipedia | Salvia_multicaulis |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Biphenyls and derivatives | |||||
| Heptyl 4-(4-heptoxycarbonylphenyl)benzoate | 15378965 | Click to see CCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=C(C=C2)C(=O)OCCCCCCC | 438.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Cumenes | |||||
| 8-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-7-propan-2-yl-2,3a,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[g]azulen-1-one | 85273221 | Click to see | 284.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP990458I |
| Salvimultine | 10803003 | Click to see | 284.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP990458I |
| > Benzenoids / Phenanthrenes and derivatives / Hydrophenanthrenes | |||||
| (4As,4br,7r,9r)-4b,9-dihydroxy-1,1,4a,7-tetramethyl-7-vinyl-3,4,6,9,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthrene-2,5-dione | 467788 | Click to see | 332.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| 7-Ethenyl-4b,9-dihydroxy-1,1,4a,7-tetramethyl-3,4,6,9,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthrene-2,5-dione | 73805598 | Click to see CC1(C2CC(C3=CC(CC(=O)C3(C2(CCC1=O)C)O)(C)C=C)O)C | 332.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| Salvipimarone | 21582617 | Click to see CC1(C2CC(C3=CC(CC(=O)C3(C2(CCC1=O)C)O)(C)C=C)O)C | 332.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| > Benzenoids / Tetralins | |||||
| CID 9906686 | 9906686 | Click to see CC1(CC2=C(C(=O)C1)C34C(C5=C(C(C3(O4)C=C2)O)C(=CC=C5)OC)O)O | 356.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids | |||||
| (+)-Pisiferal | 13785026 | Click to see CC(C)C1=C(C=C2C(=C1)CCC3C2(CCCC3(C)C)C=O)O | 300.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| (1S,4aS,10aR)-6-hydroxy-1,4a-dimethyl-7-propan-2-yl-2,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthrene-1-carbaldehyde | 101103460 | Click to see CC(C)C1=C(C=C2C(=C1)CCC3C2(CCCC3(C)C=O)C)O | 300.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| (4aS,10aR)-6-hydroxy-1,1,4a-trimethyl-7-propan-2-yl-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one | 11700871 | Click to see CC(C)C1=C(C=C2C(=C1)CCC3C2(CCC(=O)C3(C)C)C)O | 300.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| (4aS,10aR)-8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,1,4a-trimethyl-7-propan-2-yl-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one | 15378963 | Click to see | 330.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| (4aS,10aS)-6-hydroxy-1,1,4a-trimethyl-7-propan-2-yl-3,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-2H-phenanthren-4-one | 15241260 | Click to see | 300.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| (4bR,8aR)-4b,8,8-trimethyl-2-propan-2-yl-5,6,7,8a-tetrahydrophenanthrene-1,3,4-triol | 101219048 | Click to see | 316.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| (4bS,8aS)-3-hydroxy-4b,8,8-trimethyl-2-propan-2-yl-6,7,8a,10-tetrahydro-5H-phenanthren-9-one | 14165057 | Click to see | 300.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| 10-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-4b,8,8-trimethyl-2-propan-2-yl-5,6,7,10-tetrahydrophenanthrene-1,4-dione | 78187759 | Click to see | 344.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| 12-Demethylmulticaulin | 467783 | Click to see | 264.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| 12-Methyl-5-dehydroacetylhorminone | 467787 | Click to see CC(C)C1=C(C(=O)C2=C(C1=O)C(C=C3C2(CCCC3(C)C)C)OC(=O)C)OC | 386.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| 12-Methyl-5-dehydrohorminone | 467786 | Click to see | 344.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| 18-Oxoferruginol | 52946772 | Click to see | 300.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| 6-Hydroxy-1,4a-dimethyl-7-propan-2-yl-2,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthrene-1-carbaldehyde | 14323964 | Click to see CC(C)C1=C(C=C2C(=C1)CCC3C2(CCCC3(C)C=O)C)O | 300.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| 8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,1,4a-trimethyl-7-propan-2-yl-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one | 73193330 | Click to see | 330.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Abieta-9(11),8(14),12-trien-12-ol | 521330 | Click to see CC(C)C1=C(C=C2C(=C1)CCC3C2(CCCC3(C)C)C)O | 286.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Cryptanol | 184179 | Click to see | 316.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Ferruginol | 442027 | Click to see CC(C)C1=C(C=C2C(=C1)CCC3C2(CCCC3(C)C)C)O | 286.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Horminone | 2751795 | Click to see | 332.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| Indigoferabietone | 504479 | Click to see CC(C)C1=C(C(=O)C2=C(C1=O)C(C=C3C2(CCCC3(C)C)C)OC(=O)C)OC | 386.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| Manool | 3034394 | Click to see | 290.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| Multicaulin | 467782 | Click to see | 278.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| Sempervirol | 12442761 | Click to see CC(C)C1=C(C=C2CCC3C(CCCC3(C2=C1)C)(C)C)O | 286.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| Taxoquinone | 99965 | Click to see CC(C)C1=C(C2=C(C(=O)C1=O)C3(CCCC(C3CC2O)(C)C)C)O | 332.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Tanshinones, isotanshinones, and derivatives | |||||
| 12-Demethylmultiorthoquinone | 467785 | Click to see | 294.30 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| Multiorthoquinone | 467784 | Click to see CC1=C2C=CC3=C(C2=CC(=C1C)OC)C(=O)C(=O)C(=C3)C(C)C | 308.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Diterpene lactones | |||||
| 8-Hydroxy-12-oxoabieta-9(11),13-dien-20-oic 8,20-lactone | 70698284 | Click to see CC(C)C1=CC23CCC4C(CCCC4(C2=CC1=O)C(=O)O3)(C)C | 314.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| alpha-Amyrenol | 225688 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Alpha-Amyrin | 73170 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 |
| alpha-Amyrin acetate | 92842 | Click to see | 468.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3beta)- | 521518 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Lup-20(29)-en-3-one | 323075 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)C)C | 424.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Lupenone | 92158 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)C)C | 424.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Lupeol | 259846 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C | 426.70 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9700681 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Npc25529 | 293754 | Click to see | 468.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids / Ergosterols and derivatives | |||||
| (22e)-Ergosta-5,22-dien-3-one | 134691564 | Click to see CC(C)C(C)C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(=O)C4)C)C | 396.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| 17-(5,6-Dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one | 85632475 | Click to see | 396.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Brassicasterone | 133655762 | Click to see CC(C)C(C)C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C | 396.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| (-)-beta-Sitosterol | 222284 | Click to see | 414.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| 17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol | 86821 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C | 414.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| b-Sitostenone | 579897 | Click to see | 412.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Stigmast-4-en-3-one | 5484202 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C)C(C)C | 412.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| Stigmast-5-en-3-ol | 22012 | Click to see | 414.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Peptidomimetics / Hybrid peptides | |||||
| Me-bAla(2-OH,3-heptyl)-DL-Tyr-DL-N(Me)Leu-DL-Pro-DL-Tyr-OMe | 163129860 | Click to see | 782.00 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00540-2 |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |