Phlomis lanata

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Common products:
- Essential oil: hydrodistilled from aerial parts; yields a pale yellow oil with a pine‑citrus aroma used as a natural fragrance.
- Ornamental plants: Phlomis lanata is cultivated for its woolly foliage and bright yellow flower spikes; sold by nurseries for Mediterranean‑style landscaping and xeriscaping.

Industrial and craft applications:
- The essential oil is incorporated into scented soaps, detergents, and candle formulations to impart a fresh, herbaceous top note. Its monoterpene profile also provides a natural preservative effect in some cosmetic base formulations.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- The oil functions as a natural aromatic ingredient in perfume compositions, colognes, and scented personal‑care products. The predominance of α‑pinene, β‑pinene, and limonene contributes a pine‑citrus nuance that blends well with citrus, herbaceous, and woody accords.

Properties relevant to use:
- Analytical studies report the major constituents as α‑pinene (≈28 % of total oil), β‑pinene (≈13 %), limonene (≈10 %), and linalool (≈6 %). Minor components include 1,8‑cineole, camphor, and α‑terpineol. Typical physical characteristics are a density of 0.86–0.90 g mL⁻¹ at 20 °C, refractive index of 1.470–1.480, and optical rotation of +5° to +12°. These values are used for quality control and consistency in fragrance manufacturing.

Standards and regulation:
- Essential oils intended for cosmetic use must satisfy ISO 11014 (Determination of peroxide value) and ISO 210 (Determination of water content). In the European Union, the use of Phlomis lanata oil in finished cosmetic products is governed by Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, which mandates safety assessments, labeling of allergenic fragrance components (e.g., limonene, linalool), and compliance with maximum residual limits.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- The species occurs naturally in the eastern Mediterranean, where it is currently wild‑harvested for oil production. Over‑collection has led to localized population declines in some regions. Sustainable practices—such as limiting harvest to mature plants, promoting seed propagation, and encouraging cultivation for ornamental use—are recommended to maintain wild populations while providing a stable supply for the fragrance industry.

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No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

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