Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Marrubium vulgare, commonly known as horehound, has a long history of use in European folk medicine, especially in German‑speaking regions where the dried leaves are steeped in hot water to produce a soothing tea for sore throats and coughs (Bennett et al., 2021). In the Mediterranean basin, the same leaves are macerated in alcohol to create a tincture that is traditionally taken for colds and bronchial irritation (Kumar et al., 2019). In Mexico, the root is boiled into a decoction that local healers use to relieve stomach aches and indigestion (Mendoza et al., 2018). Across these cultures, the plant is valued for its bitter, aromatic qualities that are believed to stimulate saliva and digestive secretions.

A simple, safe preparation is a mild horehound tea. Take 5 g of dried leaves, place them in a teapot, and pour 250 ml of boiling water over them. Let the mixture steep for 10 minutes, then strain. Drink one cup twice daily to help ease coughs. This dosage is well within traditional limits; however, pregnant women and individuals with liver disease should avoid the tea, as the plant’s bitter compounds can be hepatotoxic in large amounts.

The therapeutic effects of horehound are largely attributed to its well‑documented phytochemicals. Marrubiin, a sesquiterpene lactone, is the most abundant active constituent and is known for its antitussive and anti‑inflammatory properties. The plant also contains flavonoids such as quercetin and luteolin, which contribute antioxidant activity, and essential oils rich in monoterpenes that provide a mild antiseptic effect. These compounds together explain the plant’s traditional use for respiratory and digestive ailments.

Modern research continues to validate these traditional claims. Recent in‑vitro studies have confirmed the anti‑inflammatory activity of marrubiin, and several commercial herbal tea blends now include horehound as a natural cough suppressant. While the plant remains a staple in many home remedies, its inclusion in contemporary herbal formulations underscores its enduring relevance and the growing interest in evidence‑based natural medicines.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Marrubium vulgare provides an essential oil (hoarhound oil) obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts (leaves and flowering tops). The oil is used in fragrance and flavor applications. It may also be available as a concrete/absolute for higher-value perfumery uses.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
The essential oil and derived flavoring are used in confectionery and beverage formulations to impart a minty-bitter, characteristic hoarhound note. Oleoresins are employed for more stable flavor impact in sugar-based matrices. Use is subject to food flavoring regulations and flavoring-level standards, typically at ppm concentrations.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
The oil and absolutes serve as perfumery materials for herbal/minty accords and are incorporated into soaps and toiletries for their aromatic character. Chemosensory properties are driven by monoterpenes (e.g., α‑pinene, pulegone) that confer fresh, pine–mint top notes.

Properties relevant to use:
Essential oils from different accessions show significant compositional variability; the profile is dominated by monoterpenes, with α‑pinene and pulegone commonly major contributors. Typical physicochemical data for the essential oil are reported within established ranges: refractive index ~1.480–1.495 at 20 °C; specific gravity ~0.900–0.925 at 20/20 °C; optical rotation −30° to −45°; acid number ~0–1.0 mg KOH/g; ester number ~0–7 mg KOH/g. This physicochemical envelope supports use in fragrance formulations and flavor systems without formulation of claims.

Standards and regulation:
For food uses, the oil is used as a flavoring under national and regional flavoring regulations (e.g., FEMA GRAS status in the United States; EU Flavouring Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 as amended). For fragrance and cosmetics, usage follows IFRA Standards and general cosmetics safety legislation (e.g., EU Cosmetics Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009). Where pulegone is a major constituent, typical fragrance practice includes concentration limits or guidance per IFRA.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Primary sources are cultivated material and wild-collected herbage in Mediterranean and West Asian regions. Sustainable practices include scheduled harvest, site rotation, and avoidance of overharvesting; controlled cultivation improves yield and consistency and reduces pressure on wild stands.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Marrubium album	Garsault	Fig. Pl. Méd. : t. 364 (1764)
Marrubium apulum	Ten.	Fl. Napol. 1(Prodr.): XXXIV (1812)
Marrubium ballotoides	Boiss. & Balansa	Diagn. Pl. Orient. , ser. 2, 4: 53 (1859)
Marrubium germanicum	Schrank ex Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. 1: 510 (1821)
Marrubium hamatum	Kunth	Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 310 (1818)
Marrubium hyperleucum	P.Candargy	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 44: 149 (1897)
Marrubium uncinatum	Stokes	Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 353 (1812)
Marrubium vaillantii	Coss. & Germ.	Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 2, 20: 293 (1843)
Prasium marrubium	E.H.L.Krause	Deutschl. Fl. Abbild. , ed. 2, 11: 127 (1903)
Marrubium vulgare subsp. apulum	(Ten.) H.Lindb.	Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 2(7): 28. 1946 (1946)
Marrubium vulgare var. microphyllum	Baguet	Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 31: 185. 1891
Marrubium vulgare var. gossypinum	Nábelek	Spisy Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 70: 60. 1926
Marrubium vulgare var. lanatum	Benth.	Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 12: 453. 1848
Marrubium vulgare var. caucasicum	K.Koch	Linnaea 21: 696. 1849
Marrubium vulgare var. vaillantii	(Coss. & Germ.) P.Fourn.	Quatre Fl. France : 818 (1937)
Marrubium hyperleucum var. comosum	Candargy	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 44: 149 (1897)
Marrubium hyperleucum var. brevidens	Candargy	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 44: 149 (1897)
Marrubium vulgare var. apulum	(Ten.) Trevir.	Index Seminum (WROCL, Wratislaviensi) 1821(App. 3): 2 (1821)
Marrubium vulgare subsp. oligodon	Barratte	Expl. Sci. Tunisie, Cat. Pl. : 337 (1896)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	white horehound
English	horehound
Spanish	murrion
Spanish	pelusilla
Spanish	marubio
Spanish	murrión
Spanish	marrullo
Spanish	marrubio común
Spanish	marrubio comun
Spanish	marrubio cano
Spanish	malrrubio
Spanish	juanrubio
Spanish	juan rubio
Spanish	hierba cuyana
Spanish	manroyo
Arabic	شَورة القنديل
Arabic	فراسيون شائع
Arabic	اذن الحمار
Arabic	عشبة الكلاب
Arabic	الروبية
Arabic	حشيشة الكلب
Arabic	زقوم
Arabic	فراسيون ابيض
Arabic	ماروبيوم
Arabic	فراسيون أبيض
Arabic	الكُراث الجبلي
Arabic	شَرير
Arabic	اذن الثور
Azerbaijani	adi itotu
azb	عادی ایت اوْتو
Belarusian	Шандра звычайная
Bosnian	očajnica
Catalan	malrubí
Catalan	marrubí
Czech	jablečník obecný
Welsh	llwyd y cŵn
German	andorn
German	weißer dorant
German	weißer andorn
German	helfkraut
German	gemeiner andorn
German	dorant
German	gewöhnlicher andorn
Greek	Μαρρούβιο το κοινό
Estonian	ürt-penimünt
Basque	lekugi
Persian	گندنای کوهی
Finnish	hurtanminttu
Finnish	valkohurtanminttu
French	marube
French	marrube blanc
French	marrube
Galician	marroio
Galician	herba dos lombos
Croatian	obični tetrljan
Upper Sorbian	murjowy šelnik
Hungarian	orvosi pemetefű
Armenian	մեղրածուծ
Icelandic	vallarhélukrans
Italian	marrubio
Kabyle	mernuyet
Cornish	les loos
Lithuanian	paprastoji šantra
Latvian	parastā marūbija
Macedonian	Горчица
Norwegian Bokmål	borremynte
Dutch	malrove
nv	azeeʼ ndootʼeezhí łibáhígíí
Polish	szanta zwyczajna
Quechua	yuraq itapallu
Quechua	yurak itapallo
Romanian	unguraș
Russian	Шандра обыкновенная
Serbo-Croatian	očajnica
Serbo-Croatian	totrljan
Serbo-Croatian	smrduša
Serbo-Croatian	kokočitac
Serbo-Croatian	jetrena trava
Serbo-Croatian	gorčika
Serbo-Croatian	beli tetrljan
Slovak	jablčník obyčajný
Slovenian	navadna črna meta
Slovenian	somrak
Slovenian	črna meta
Slovenian	črni minca
Slovenian	jetrna trava
Slovenian	klaš
Slovenian	pepeljuha
Slovenian	sumrak
Slovenian	šumrak
Serbian	Очајница
Swedish	kransborre
Turkish	köpek otu
Ukrainian	Шандра звичайна
Chinese	欧夏至草
Chinese	雪猪油
Chinese	歐夏至草

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Start at 20°C; if no germination occurs within 3 months, cool seeds to 4°C for 1-2 months, then return to 20°C.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Macaronesia
  - Azores
  - Canary Islands
  - Cape Verde
  - Madeira
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia
- Southern Africa
  - Free State

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Saudi Arabia
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- China
  - Xinjiang
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Turkmenistan
  - Uzbekistan
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan
  - Cyprus
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Iran
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Palestine
  - Sinai
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Nepal
  - Pakistan
  - West Himalaya

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - Norfolk Island
  - Tasmania
- New Zealand
  - New Zealand North
  - New Zealand South

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - Krym
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Great Britain
  - Ireland
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Kriti
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares
  - Corse
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - Nova Scotia
  - Ontario
  - Québec
- Mexico
  - Mexico Central
  - Mexico Gulf
  - Mexico Northeast
  - Mexico Northwest
  - Mexico Southeast
  - Mexico Southwest
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Minnesota
  - Missouri
  - Nebraska
  - Oklahoma
  - South Dakota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - Vermont
  - West Virginia
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Montana
  - Oregon
  - Washington
  - Wyoming
- South-central U.S.A.
  - New Mexico
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Arkansas
  - Delaware
  - District Of Columbia
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Maryland
  - Mississippi
  - North Carolina
  - South Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - Arizona
  - California
  - Nevada
  - Utah
- Subarctic America
  - Alaska
- Western Canada
  - British Columbia
  - Saskatchewan

Pacific click to expand
- North-central Pacific
  - Hawaii
- South-central Pacific
  - Easter Island
- Southwestern Pacific
  - New Caledonia

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil South
- Central America
  - Guatemala
- Northern South America
  - Venezuela
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
  - Argentina Northwest
  - Argentina South
  - Chile Central
  - Chile North
  - Juan Fernández Islands
  - Uruguay
- Western South America
  - Bolivia
  - Colombia
  - Ecuador
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000236711
UNII	7A72MUN24Z
Flora of Alabama	2420
Canadensys	6397
USDA Plants	MAVU
Tropicos	17600145
INPN	107397
Flora of Italy	4461
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:449990-1
The Plant List	kew-120952
Open Tree Of Life	656885
Observations.org	2621
NCBI Taxonomy	41230
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000004258
Nature Serve	2.141400
IPNI	449990-1
iNaturalist	54605
GBIF	2927069
Freebase	/m/03hym
EPPO	MAQVU
EOL	582376
Elurikkus	5648
Elurikkus	614378
Calflora (Californian flora)	5370
USDA GRIN	23450
Wikipedia	Marrubium_vulgare
CMAUP	NPO23264

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Ethnobotanical assessment of antidiabetic medicinal plants in District Karak, Pakistan

Nazar A, Adnan M, Shah SM, Bari A, Ullah R, Tariq A, Ahmad N

BMC Complement Med Ther

24-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11040872
doi:	10.1186/s12906-024-04462-w
PMID:	38658923

Exploring the synthetic potential of epoxide ring opening reactions toward the synthesis of alkaloids and terpenoids: a review

Hanif M, Zahoor AF, Saif MJ, Nazeer U, Ali KG, Parveen B, Mansha A, Chaudhry AR, Irfan A

RSC Adv

23-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11036177
doi:	10.1039/d4ra01834f
PMID:	38655462

Marrubiin Inhibits Peritoneal Inflammatory Response Induced by Carrageenan Application in C57 Mice

Radulović NS, Đorđević Zlatković MR, Stojanović NM, Nešić MS, Zlatković DB, Potić Floranović MS, Tričković Vukić DS, Randjelovic PJ

Int J Mol Sci

19-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11050121
doi:	10.3390/ijms25084496
PMID:	38674081

Ethnobotanical survey on herbal remedies for the management of type 2 diabetes in the Casablanca-Settat region, Morocco

Arraji M, Al Wachami N, Boumendil K, Chebabe M, Mochhoury L, Laamiri FZ, Barkaoui M, Chahboune M

BMC Complement Med Ther

15-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11017650
doi:	10.1186/s12906-024-04468-4
PMID:	38622669

Comparative studies of four cumin landraces grown in Egypt

Ahmed AA, Ghoneim M, Ali MA, Amer A, Głowacka A, Ahmed MA

Sci Rep

05-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC10997781
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-57637-3
PMID:	38580717

A systematic methodology to assess the identity of plants in historical texts: A case study based on the Byzantine pharmacy text John the Physician's Therapeutics

Lardos A, Patmore K, Allkin R, Lazarou R, Nesbitt M, Scott AC, Zipser B

J Ethnopharmacol

25-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC7615571
doi:	10.1016/j.jep.2023.117622
PMID:	38128894

Class II terpene cyclases: structures, mechanisms, and engineering

Pan X, Rudolf JD, Dong LB

Nat Prod Rep

20-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10954422
doi:	10.1039/d3np00033h
PMID:	38105714

Saving the local tradition: ethnobotanical survey on the use of plants in Bologna district (Italy)

Chiocchio I, Marincich L, Mandrone M, Trincia S, Tarozzi C, Poli F

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

12-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10936038
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00664-1
PMID:	38475780

Phytochemicals, Health-Promoting Effects, and Enzyme Inhibition Traits of Phlomis stewartii Extracts

Rasheed MU, Naqvi SA, Al-Asmari F, Rahim MA, Ramadan MF

Molecules

28-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934404
doi:	10.3390/molecules29051049
PMID:	38474560

Plants in Menstrual Diseases: A Systematic Study from Italian Folk Medicine on Current Approaches

Mazzei R, Genovese C, Magariello A, Patitucci A, Russo G, Tagarelli G

Plants (Basel)

22-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10935160
doi:	10.3390/plants13050589
PMID:	38475436

Ecological and Syntaxonomic Analysis of the Communities of Glebionis coronaria and G. discolor (Malvion neglectae) in the European Mediterranean Area

Cano E, Cano-Ortiz A, Quinto Canas R, Piñar Fuentes JC, Rodrigues Meireles C, Raposo M, Pinto Gomes C, Laface VL, Spampinato G, Musarella CM

Plants (Basel)

20-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934477
doi:	10.3390/plants13050568
PMID:	38475415

Adesmia pinifolia, a Native High-Andean Species, as a Potential Candidate for Phytoremediation of Cd and Hg

Parera V, Pérez-Chaca MV, Gallardo LV, Gatica-Aguilar CV, Parera CA, Feresin GE

Plants (Basel)

06-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10891624
doi:	10.3390/plants13040464
PMID:	38498429

Exploring nature's hidden treasure: Unraveling the untapped phytochemical and pharmacological potentials of Clinopodium vulgare L. – A hidden gem in the Lamiaceae family

Qureshi KA, Parvez A, Uzzaman Khan MM, Aspatwar A, Atiya A, Elhassan GO, Khan RA, Erattil Ahammed SY, Khan WU, Jaremko M

Heliyon

20-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10834805
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24781
PMID:	38312627

Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal research into medicinal plants in the Mt Stara Planina region (south-eastern Serbia, Western Balkans)

Jarić S, Kostić O, Miletić Z, Marković M, Sekulić D, Mitrović M, Pavlović P

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

10-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10782642
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00647-2
PMID:	38200599

Analysis of Marrubiin in Marrubium alysson L. Extract Using Advanced HPTLC: Chemical Profiling, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity, and Molecular Docking

Eltahawy NA, Ali AI, Ibrahim SA, Nafie MS, Sindi AM, Alkharobi H, Almalki AJ, Badr JM, Elhady SS, Abdelhameed RF

Metabolites

30-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10821196
doi:	10.3390/metabo14010027
PMID:	38248830

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Hydrocarbons / Saturated hydrocarbons / Alkanes
Hentriacontane	12410	Click to see	436.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
(1R,4aS,8aS)-1-[(E)-5-hydroxy-3-methylpent-3-enyl]-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-naphthalen-1-ol	45023978	Click to see	308.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00569805
(1S,2R,4aS,8aS)-1-[(E)-5-hydroxy-3-methylpent-3-enyl]-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-naphthalen-1-ol	162918885	Click to see	308.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00569805
1-(5-hydroxy-3-methylpent-3-enyl)-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-naphthalen-1-ol	3842935	Click to see	308.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00569805
CID 101062384	101062384	Click to see	336.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Colensane and clerodane diterpenoids
(1R,3R,4R,4aS,8S,8aR)-4-[2-(furan-3-yl)ethyl]-8-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4a,8-trimethyl-2,3,5,6,7,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene-1,4-diol	38350347	Click to see	336.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,3S,4R,4aS,8S,8aS)-4-[2-(furan-3-yl)ethyl]-8-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4a,8-trimethyl-2,3,5,6,7,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene-1,4-diol	162965163	Click to see CC1CC(C2C(CCCC2(C1(CCC3=COC=C3)O)C)(C)CO)O	336.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00569805
4-[2-(furan-3-yl)ethyl]-8-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4a,8-trimethyl-2,3,5,6,7,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene-1,4-diol	15560116	Click to see	336.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-37042 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00569805
Marrubenol	10449689	Click to see	336.50	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1574146/ https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-37042
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
(1R,2S,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid	163190290	Click to see	216.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410802280976
3,4-Dihydroxy-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid	163046472	Click to see	216.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410802280976
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00569805 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(98)80005-6
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol	22012	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(98)80005-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00569805
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Proline and derivatives
(2R,4S)-4-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium-2-carboxylate	6604261	Click to see	159.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
Betonicine	164642	Click to see	159.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
L-Turicine	1550239	Click to see	159.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
Turicine	6560290	Click to see C[N+]1(CC(CC1C(=O)[O-])O)C	159.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Peptidomimetics / Depsipeptides
[(2R)-1-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl] (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxane-2-carboxylate	162936793	Click to see CC(C(=O)OC1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC(=CC2=O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O)OC(=O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)O)O)O)O	534.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
[(2R)-1-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl] (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxane-2-carboxylate	163001031	Click to see CC(C(=O)OC1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC(=CC2=O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)O)OC(=O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)O)O)O)O	518.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
[1-[2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl] 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxane-2-carboxylate	162936792	Click to see CC(C(=O)OC1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC(=CC2=O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O)OC(=O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)O)O)O)O	534.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
[1-[5-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl] 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxane-2-carboxylate	163001030	Click to see	518.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
Chlorogenic Acid	1794427	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.11.005
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Oligosaccharides
[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-2-[[(2R,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-4-[[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl]oxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	163106575	Click to see	888.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00242-5
[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-2-[[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,6-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl]-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	163105925	Click to see	888.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00242-5
[2-[[3,4-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-[[3-[3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,6-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl]-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxyoxan-3-yl] 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	163105924	Click to see C1C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OCCC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O)CC4C(C(C(C(O4)O)O)O)OC5C(C(CO5)(CO)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)O)O)(CO)O	888.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10575630290013576
Alyssonoside	6444250	Click to see	770.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.11.005
Arenarioside	44584310	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)COC4C(C(C(CO4)O)O)O)OCCC5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O	756.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00415-9
Ballotetroside	44584314	Click to see	888.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00415-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.11.005
CID 44429859	44429859	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)COC4C(C(CO4)(CO)O)O)OCCC5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O	756.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Forsythoside B	23928102	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)COC4C(C(CO4)(CO)O)O)OCCC5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O	756.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00415-9
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones / Gamma butyrolactones
(1R,4S,8S,9R,10R,12S)-9-[2-(furan-3-yl)ethyl]-9-hydroxy-4,8,10-trimethyl-2-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodecan-3-one	7061245	Click to see	332.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,4S,8S,9R,10S,12R)-9-[2-(furan-3-yl)ethyl]-9-hydroxy-4,8,10-trimethyl-2-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodecan-3-one	25728881	Click to see CC1CC2C3C(CCCC3(C1(CCC4=COC=C4)O)C)(C(=O)O2)C	332.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00569805
(2'R,2''aS,5''aS,6''R,7''R,8''aR,8''bR)-3',3'',4',4'',5'',5''a,7'',8'',8''a,8''b-Decahydro-2''a,5''a,7''-trimethyldispiro(furan-3(2H),2'(5'H)-furan-5',6''-(6H)naphtho(1,8-bc)furan)-2''(2''aH)-one	168199	Click to see	332.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1300/J044V03N01_02 https://doi.org/10.1039/J39690002014 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(98)80005-6
CID 162964844	162964844	Click to see	332.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/J39690002014
CID 5088773	5088773	Click to see CC1CC2C3C(CCCC3(C14CCC5(O4)COC=C5)C)(C(=O)O2)C	332.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/J39690002014
Marrubiin	73401	Click to see	332.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)85036-S https://doi.org/10.1111/J.2042-7158.2011.01321.X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(98)80005-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80082-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00569805 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FARMAC.2005.01.003 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1218690/ https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.3080190307 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957451 https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600530810 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-37042 https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9390000587 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEP.2006.05.023
Marrubin	235392	Click to see CC1CC2C3C(CCCC3(C1(CCC4=COC=C4)O)C)(C(=O)O2)C	332.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.2042-7158.2011.01321.X https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957451 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00569805 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-37042 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FARMAC.2005.01.003 https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9390000587
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives
Caffeoyl-l-malic acid	129821613	Click to see	296.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00415-9
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	44429837	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O	624.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 3-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-4-O-((2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside	132274946	Click to see	624.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00415-9
Phaselic acid, (-)-	92299542	Click to see	296.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
Prenyl Caffeate	5281790	Click to see	248.27	unknown	via CMAUP database
Verbascoside	5281800	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O	624.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00415-9
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
P-Coumaric Acid	637542	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83452-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
(3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[1-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]oxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	163186715	Click to see	518.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
(3R,4R,5S,6S)-6-[1-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	163185569	Click to see	534.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxochromen-7-yl] (2R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypropanoate	162989945	Click to see CC(C(=O)OC1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC(=CC2=O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	520.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxochromen-7-yl] (2R)-2-hydroxypropanoate	162852482	Click to see	358.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxochromen-7-yl] 2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypropanoate	163195394	Click to see CC(C(=O)OC1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC(=CC2=O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	520.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
[2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxochromen-7-yl] 2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypropanoate	74977663	Click to see CC(C(=O)OC1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC(=CC2=O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	520.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl] (2R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypropanoate	162925734	Click to see	504.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl] (2R)-2-hydroxypropanoate	162983613	Click to see	342.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl] 2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypropanoate	163188053	Click to see	504.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
[5-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl] 2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypropanoate	74977524	Click to see CC(C(=O)OC1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC(=CC2=O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	504.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
Apigenin	5280443	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O	270.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
Apigenin 7-lactate	44257870	Click to see	342.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
Luteolin	5280445	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83452-5
Luteolin 7-lactate	44258150	Click to see	358.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,8-bis[(2S,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one	44257674	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C(=C3O2)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O)O	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one	5378180	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O2)C(=C(C=C3O)O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
Vicenin 2	442664	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C(=C3O2)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O)O	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
Vicenin 2	3084407	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
Vitexin	5280441	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glucuronides / Flavonoid-7-O-glucuronides
(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	68852783	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O	476.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.11.005
Luteolin 7-glucuronide	5280601	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	462.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2011.07.112
Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide	13607752	Click to see	462.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2011.07.112
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	162916367	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
Apigenin 7-O-glucoside	5280704	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
Apigenin-7-O-(6''-O-4-coumaroyl)-beta-glucopyranoside	6439941	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
Luteolin 7-galactoside	5291488	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2011.07.112 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
Luteolin 7-O-glucoside	5280637	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2011.07.112 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
Npc85473	5385553	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 3-O-methylated flavonoids
Chrysoeriol	5280666	Click to see	300.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83452-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80307-3
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 7-O-methylated flavonoids
Ladanein	3084066	Click to see	314.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2011.07.112 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1185972

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Marrubium vulgare

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