Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Black horehound has been used in infusions and tinctures for nervous and digestive complaints across Europe. In Greece, dried aerial parts are brewed as a mild tea and used to calm hysteria and treat mild gastrointestinal disturbances according to Vallès et al., 2004. Among Albanian villages, infusions of the herb are taken for stomach pain and as a mild sedative as reported by Pieroni et al., 2002. In the British tradition, the leaves have been used in infusion for hysteria and to relax the stomach (Turner, 1964). In neighboring Italian and Balkan pharmacopoeias, leaf infusions are prepared for bronchitis, cough, and nervous irritability, and the aerial parts are macerated in wine for colic and cramps (Leven et al., 1994).

For a practical preparation, a 1:5 tincture can be made by macerating 20 grams of dried aerial parts (chopped) in 100 mL of 45% alcohol for two weeks, shaking occasionally and straining; a typical adult dose is 2–3 mL three times daily after meals. This solvent and ratio follow the dosage guidance of the German Commission E, and the method parallels those described by Leven et al. (1994). Safety notes: black horehound is contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation; it should not be combined with sedatives or alcohol; excessive doses may cause nausea (Commission E). More broadly, the plant has been classed as a “cautious-use” emetic and abortifacient in British herbal literature (Turner, 1964).

The main active constituents that plausibly underpin its calming and antispasmodic effects are flavonoids (especially luteolin derivatives), diterpenoids (labdane-type diterpenes such as marrubiin), and the bitter iridoid glycoside aucubin; several of these are well documented in black horehound and are consistent with central sedative and smooth-muscle relaxing actions (Commission E; Brinker, 2010).

Today the herb is available in tea blends and tinctures from European herbal suppliers, and its uses continue in some rural and folk practices. Modern research is examining its flavonoids and diterpenes for potential spasmolytic and antianxiety activity, but clinical data remain limited.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Essential oil is obtained by steam distillation of the fresh aerial parts (leaves, stems and inflorescences) of Ballota nigra, yielding typically 0.5–1.0 % (w/w) of a pale yellow oil that is marketed as a natural fragrance material.
- Ornamental plants are propagated vegetatively and sold by nurseries for garden borders, rockeries and wild‑flower meadows, valued for their erect spikes of deep‑purple tubular flowers and aromatic foliage.

Industrial and craft applications:
- The distilled oil is incorporated into soaps, liquid detergents and scented candle bases as a natural aromatic additive that imparts a fresh minty‑herbaceous note to consumer products.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- In perfumery the oil contributes a distinctive mint‑herbaceous character, often blended with citrus or floral accords to create fresh fragrance profiles for eau de parfum and body‑care lines.
- Its moderate volatility and low sensitization risk make it suitable for inclusion in skin‑contact cosmetics such as creams, lotions and shampoos.

Properties relevant to use:
- Yield 0.5–1.0 % (w/w) from fresh material; density 0.88–0.92 g mL⁻¹ at 20 °C; refractive index 1.460–1.470. Major constituents: pulegone (20–30 %), 1,8‑cineole (5–15 %), camphor (3–7 %) together with minor sesquiterpenes; the profile provides high volatility and a characteristic scent that persists on evaporation.

Standards and regulation:
- The essential oil falls under the EU Cosmetics Regulation (EC No 1223/2009) which requires safety assessment and labeling for cosmetic ingredients.
- Quality control follows ISO 3219 for sampling and analysis of essential oils and ISO 9235 for terminology; IFRA guidelines also govern its use in fragrance formulations.
- Ornamental plant sales must satisfy the EU Plant Passport system and national phytosanitary requirements.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- IUCN lists Ballota nigra as Least Concern; its wide distribution across Europe, western Asia and North Africa indicates stable wild populations.
- Commercial ornamental supply is sourced mainly from nursery cultivation, reducing harvest pressure on wild stands.
- For essential‑oil production both cultivated and responsibly managed wild material are employed; sustainable extraction practices limit removal to a modest proportion of above‑ground biomass, allowing regrowth and ecosystem integrity.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Marrubium nigrum	Garsault	Fig. Pl. Méd. : t. 365 (1764)
Stachys ballota	Kuntze	Taschen-Fl. Leipzig : 112 (1867)
Ballota foetida	Lam.	Fl. Franç. 2: 381 (1779)
Ballota nigra var. meridionalis	Bég.	Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 39. 1903
Ballota nigra var. submitis	Borbás	Term. Közl. 1894: 235.
Ballota sepium	Paulet	Syn. Pl. [Persoon] ii. 125.
Ballota sordida	Salisb.	Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 83 (1796)
Ballota nigra var. subvillosa	Borbás	Balaton Tavának Növényföldr. 371. 1900
Ballota nigra subsp. meridionalis	(Bég.) Bég.	Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. n.s., 16: 106. 1909 (1909)
Ballota nigra var. foetida	Boiss.	Pl. Alepp. Kurd. Mers. 354 1843
Ballota foetida var. glabrescens	Boiss.	Iter Cilic. 511. 1859

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	black horehound
Spanish	ballote negro
Spanish	marrubio fetido
Spanish	marrubio
Spanish	manrubio negro
Spanish	manrubio fétido
Spanish	manrubio bastardo
Spanish	manrubio
Spanish	balote
Spanish	balota
Spanish	ortiga blanca
Spanish	marrubiastro
Spanish	marrubio bastardo
Spanish	marrubio falso
Spanish	marrubio fétido
Spanish	marrubio hediondo
Spanish	marrubio negro de el paular
Spanish	manrubio fetido
Spanish	malroig bord
Spanish	bellota negra
Spanish	bellota fétida
Spanish	bellota fetida
Spanish	prasio negro
Spanish	ortiga muerta
Spanish	ortiga mansa
Spanish	ortiga borde
Spanish	matranzo
Spanish	marrubio negro segoviano
Spanish	marrubio negro
Arabic	فراسيون أسود
Arabic	سنديان الأرض
Arabic	بلوطة
Arabic	دانة سوداء
Belarusian	Белакудранік чорны
Bulgarian	черно кандилниче
Bulgarian	капела
Catalan	malroig negre
Catalan	malrubí negre
Catalan	malrubí pudent
Catalan	marreu negre
Catalan	ortiga pudent
Catalan	ortiga borda
Czech	šedivka
Czech	měrnice černá
Welsh	marddanhadlen ddu
German	gewöhnliche schwarznessel
German	schwarzer gottvergess
German	schwarznessel
German	stink-andorn
German	stinkandorn
Estonian	must karunõges
Persian	بالتا نیگرا
Finnish	tummaporro
Finnish	valkoporro
Finnish	porro
Finnish	karvanokkonen
French	ballote
French	ballote noire
French	ballote vulgaire
Irish	grafán dubh
Hebrew	בלוטה שחורה
Hebrew	גלונית מבאישה
Upper Sorbian	Čorna měrnica
Hungarian	fekete peszterce
Italian	marrubio selvatico
Kabyle	arbib n mernuyet
Cornish	les mosek
Norwegian Bokmål	hunderot
Dutch	echte ballote
Dutch	stinkende ballote
Dutch	echte en stinkende ballote
Polish	mierznica czarna
Romanian	cătușe
Russian	Белокудренник чёрный
Slovak	balota čierna
Slovenian	Črna lahkotnica
Swedish	bosyska
Swedish	bonässla
tt	Кара көдрә чәчәк
Ukrainian	м'яточник чорний
Chinese	宽萼苏

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Ballota nigra subsp. anomala	Greuter	Bocconea 25: 108 (2012)
Ballota nigra subsp. foetida	(Lam.) Hayek	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30: 278 (1929)
Ballota nigra subsp. nigra		Unknown
Ballota nigra subsp. ruderalis	(Sw.) Briq.	Lab. Alp. Mar. : 275 (1893)
Ballota nigra subsp. sericea	(Vandas) Patzak	Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 62: 70 (1958)
Ballota nigra subsp. velutina	(Posp.) Patzak	Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 62: 67 (1958)
Ballota nigra subsp. anatolica	P.H.Davis	Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21: 61 (1952)
Ballota nigra subsp. kurdica	P.H.Davis	Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21: 62 (1952)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Macaronesia
  - Azores
  - Canary Islands
  - Madeira
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- Middle Asia
  - Kirgizstan
- Western Asia
  - Cyprus
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Iran
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Palestine
  - Turkey

Australasia click to expand
- New Zealand
  - New Zealand North

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - Northwest European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Poland
- Northern Europe
  - Great Britain
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Kriti
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares
  - Corse
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - New York
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Maryland

Pacific click to expand
- South-central Pacific
  - Pitcairn Islands

Southern America click to expand
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000315321
UNII	9WFD4GZY3H
Canadensys	6358
USDA Plants	BANI
Tropicos	17600025
INPN	85502
Flora of Italy	4509
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:444976-1
The Plant List	kew-19633
PFAF	Ballota nigra
Open Tree Of Life	298394
Observations.org	135634
NCBI Taxonomy	194200
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000004238
Nature Serve	2.141549
IPNI	444976-1
iNaturalist	56158
GBIF	2926894
Freebase	/m/0d3_h7
WisFlora	2713
EPPO	BLLNI
EOL	579636
Elurikkus	3031
USDA GRIN	104824
Wikipedia	Ballota_nigra
Plantarium	6248

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_947034835.1	daBalNigr1.1	Chromosome	WELLCOME SANGER INSTITUTE	2022-10-07	28	1.11 Gb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

The Greuter Herbarium in Palermo: An Inventory of Its Type Specimens Available Online, with Some Thoughts on Type Terminology (Occasional Papers from the Herbarium Greuter, N° 5)

Greuter W

Plants (Basel)

12-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11053905
doi:	10.3390/plants13081086
PMID:	38674494

Analysis of Free Amino Acid Composition and Honey Plant Species in Seven Honey Species in China

Yang J, Liu Y, Cui Z, Wang T, Liu T, Liu G

Foods

29-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11011401
doi:	10.3390/foods13071065
PMID:	38611369

Saving the local tradition: ethnobotanical survey on the use of plants in Bologna district (Italy)

Chiocchio I, Marincich L, Mandrone M, Trincia S, Tarozzi C, Poli F

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

12-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10936038
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00664-1
PMID:	38475780

Urban environment decreases pollinator availability, fertility, and prolongs anthesis in the field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis Linnaeus, 1753)

Prokop P

Plant Signal Behav

06-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10936644
doi:	10.1080/15592324.2024.2325225
PMID:	38448395

Traditional and contemporary herbal medicines in management of cancer: A scoping review

Imtiaz I, Schloss J, Bugarcic A

J Ayurveda Integr Med

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10901831
doi:	10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100904
PMID:	38395014

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Phlomoides kirghisorum Adylov, Kamelin & Makhmedov 1987 (Lamiaceae), an endemic species of Fergana Valley

Park MS, Na NR, Jang CG, Gulomov R, Tojibaev K

Mitochondrial DNA B Resour

16-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10795634
doi:	10.1080/23802359.2023.2292159
PMID:	38239371

Adhesive properties of Aphrophoridae spittlebug foam

Hoch H, Pingel M, Voigt D, Wyss U, Gorb S

J R Soc Interface

10-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10777165
doi:	10.1098/rsif.2023.0521
PMID:	38196374

The complete chloroplast genome of Ocimum americanum Linnaeus 1755 and phylogenetic analysis among the Lamiaceae family

Vineesh S, Balaji R, Tanuja, Parani M

Mitochondrial DNA B Resour

16-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10583627
doi:	10.1080/23802359.2023.2264545
PMID:	37859799

Advancements in Plasma Agriculture: A Review of Recent Studies

Konchekov EM, Gusein-zade N, Burmistrov DE, Kolik LV, Dorokhov AS, Izmailov AY, Shokri B, Gudkov SV

Int J Mol Sci

11-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10606361
doi:	10.3390/ijms242015093
PMID:	37894773

Phenolic Compounds and Organic Acid Composition of Syringa vulgaris L. Flowers and Infusions

Gąsecka M, Krzymińska-Bródka A, Magdziak Z, Czuchaj P, Bykowska J

Molecules

01-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10343234
doi:	10.3390/molecules28135159
PMID:	37446821

Origin and genetic variability of populations of the invasive plant Rumex alpinus L. in the Giant (Krkonoše) Mountains

Jungová M, Jurasová VM, Čepková PH, Svobodová LL, Svoboda P, Hejcman M

Ecol Evol

04-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10239895
doi:	10.1002/ece3.10145
PMID:	37284667

Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Ballonigrin Lactone A Using Density Functional Theory Calculations

Naseem M, Asghar S, Farooq U, Lakhani A, Altaf Y, Hashmi MA

ACS Omega

04-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9850775
doi:	10.1021/acsomega.2c03858
PMID:	36687041

Ethnopharmacobotany and Diversity of Mediterranean Endemic Plants in Marmilla Subregion, Sardinia, Italy

Cocco E, Maccioni D, Sanjust E, Falconieri D, Farris E, Maxia A

Plants (Basel)

18-Nov-2022

PMCID:	PMC9695302
doi:	10.3390/plants11223165
PMID:	36432894

The Appeal of Ethnobotanical Folklore Records: Medicinal Plant Use in Setomaa, Räpina and Vastseliina Parishes, Estonia (1888–1996)

Sõukand R, Kalle R

Plants (Basel)

13-Oct-2022

PMCID:	PMC9611039
doi:	10.3390/plants11202698
PMID:	36297723

Biodiversity in Urban Areas: The Extraordinary Case of Appia Antica Regional Park (Rome, Italy)

Iamonico D

Plants (Basel)

15-Aug-2022

PMCID:	PMC9414419
doi:	10.3390/plants11162122
PMID:	36015425

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives
Octadecatrienoic acid	6506665	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCC=CC=CC=CC(=O)O	278.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90051-E
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
CID 163037160	163037160	Click to see	450.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85521-1
CID 163037162	163037162	Click to see	450.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85521-1
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Acyclic diterpenoids
Phytol	5280435	Click to see CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(=CCO)C	296.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00563844
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Colensane and clerodane diterpenoids
(1S,3S,4R,4aS,8R,8aS)-4-[2-(furan-3-yl)ethyl]-1,4-dihydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4a,8-trimethyl-1,3,5,6,7,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-2-one	162904196	Click to see	350.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/P19770000322
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol	22012	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00563844
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Oligosaccharides
[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[[(2R,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	10056528	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)COC4C(C(CO4)(CO)O)O)OCCC5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)OC6C(C(C(CO6)O)O)O)O)O	888.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00578-X
[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[[3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	45027864	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)COC4C(C(CO4)(CO)O)O)OCCC5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O	770.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00019-7
[2-[[3,4-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxyoxan-3-yl] 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	75051966	Click to see	888.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00578-X
[4-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] (Z)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	131752795	Click to see	756.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00019-7
Alyssonoside	6444250	Click to see	770.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00019-7 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<93::AID-PTR558>3.0.CO;2-X
Angoroside A	21603979	Click to see	756.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00019-7
Arenarioside	44584310	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)COC4C(C(C(CO4)O)O)O)OCCC5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O	756.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957854 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00578-X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00019-7 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0031-1300158 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<93::AID-PTR558>3.0.CO;2-X
Ballotetroside	44584314	Click to see	888.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00019-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00578-X https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<93::AID-PTR558>3.0.CO;2-X https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0031-1300158
CID 14034195	14034195	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)OC5C(C(C(CO5)O)O)O)O)O	756.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<93::AID-PTR558>3.0.CO;2-X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00019-7
Forsythoside B	23928102	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)COC4C(C(CO4)(CO)O)O)OCCC5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O	756.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00019-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00578-X https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957854 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<93::AID-PTR558>3.0.CO;2-X https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0031-1300158
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Alpha-acyloxy carbonyl compounds / Alpha-acyloxy ketones
Ballotinone	21596426	Click to see	346.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/P19760001607
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Cyclic ketones / Cyclohexenones
13-Hydroxyballonigrinolide	156161	Click to see	362.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00578-X
Ballonigrin	21596483	Click to see CC1=C(C2(CCCC3(C2C(C1=O)OC3=O)C)C)CCC4=COC=C4	328.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/P19770000322
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones / Gamma butyrolactones
[(1S,4S,8S,9R,10R,11S,12R)-9-[2-(furan-3-yl)ethyl]-9-hydroxy-4,8,10-trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodecan-11-yl] acetate	21596485	Click to see	390.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/P19770000322
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives
2-[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid	14707056	Click to see	296.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<93::AID-PTR558>3.0.CO;2-X
Caffeoyl-l-malic acid	129821613	Click to see	296.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0031-1300158 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<93::AID-PTR558>3.0.CO;2-X
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 3-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-4-O-((2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside	132274946	Click to see	624.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0031-1300158 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00578-X https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<93::AID-PTR558>3.0.CO;2-X https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957854 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00019-7
Verbascoside	5281800	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O	624.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<93::AID-PTR558>3.0.CO;2-X https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0031-1300158 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957854 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00019-7
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
Apigenin	5280443	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O	270.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<93::AID-PTR558>3.0.CO;2-X
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides
Vicenin 2	442664	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C(=C3O2)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O)O	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<93::AID-PTR558>3.0.CO;2-X
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 8-O-methylated flavonoids
Tangeretin	68077	Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O2)C(=C(C(=C3OC)OC)OC)OC	372.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_964

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Ballota nigra

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