Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Traditional medicine across coastal India and Southeast Asia uses Acanthus ilicifolius as infusions, decoctions, and poultices. In Odisha’s tribal communities, young leaves are decocted for fevers and bronchial complaints (Singh & Jena, 1998; Singh, 2008). On the Andaman Islands, leaf and bark ash or fresh pulp is steeped in water and drunk to ease stomach pains and dysentery, while leaf poultices are applied to swellings; coastal communities also inhale crushed leaves for asthma (Shah et al., 2007; Sharma et al., 2003). Across coastal Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, boiled leaf or seed decoctions are used for dysentery and piles, and dried seed decoctions for loose motions (Review of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2011; Shiva et al., 2008). In the Chittagong region of Bangladesh, leaf infusions are taken for cough and gastrointestinal upset (Chakraborty & Bhattacharjee, 2006).

A practical preparation for gastrointestinal distress: steep 10–15 g of fresh or dried leaves in 250–300 mL of water and simmer for 10–15 minutes; strain and take 50–100 mL, 2–3 times daily. Dose and duration should not exceed brief symptomatic use. Avoid in pregnancy and lactation due to lack of safety data; stop if any irritation occurs and consult a qualified practitioner.

The leaves contain flavonoids (rutin, quercetin), phenolic acids (gallic acid), lignans (sesamin), and flavonoids with reported antimicrobial and astringent activity that plausibly support the reported relief of diarrhea and cough (Ghule et al., 2007; Review of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2011; Shiva et al., 2008).

While early pharmacological studies support antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions, human trials are limited. Leaf extracts and seed decoctions remain available in regional herbal markets and are still used as short‑term home remedies in India and Bangladesh.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Fiber-rich stems yield bast fiber used for rope and rough cordage; they can be pulped to produce hand-made paper or pulp sheets. Stalks provide fuelwood and charcoal suitable for household and small industrial use. Fermentable sugars can be obtained from stems or leaves for bioethanol.

Industrial and craft applications:
The species is used in pulp-and-paper production. Stalks harvested from mangroves and adjacent areas are chemically pulped (alkaline processes) to produce fiber suitable for writing and printing papers; handmade sheet studies report comparable brightness and tensile strength to mixed pulps. Bast fibers are also used for rope and cordage. Hydrolyzed biomass is explored as a feedstock for ethanol via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Stalks are made into charcoal for domestic and small-scale industrial fuel.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
No established culinary uses are documented for this taxon. Stalks or leaves are not reported as commercial food ingredients.

Colorants and tanning:
There are no verified reports of natural dyes or tannins from this species being used for leather or textiles.

Wood and fiber:
Fiber bundles are obtained from the stem bast by controlled retting, washing, and drying. The fiber is coarse and durable for rope and cordage. Pulp is produced from whole stalks by kraft or soda cooking; fiber morphology (length, coarseness) and cellulose/lignin ratio determine suitability for different paper grades.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
No documented fragrance or cosmetic uses are reported.

Properties relevant to use:
Stalks exhibit high cellulose and relatively low lignin, facilitating kraft/soda pulping and reducing chemical demand; high holocellulose content enables enzymatic hydrolysis for bioethanol. Basal stem materials are rich in hemicellulose and fermentable sugars (reducing sugars in the range of 24–31 g L−1 hydrolysate) with ethanol yields reported above 3% v/v in laboratory fermentations. Bast fibers have high lignin, contributing to mechanical strength and durability in rope.

Standards and regulation:
Timber, pulp, and bioenergy applications are governed by national forestry and environmental codes (e.g., CITES-listed populations are subject to export controls; local forest laws in producing regions). Fiber and pulp follow standardISO/ASTM methods for sampling, moisture, yield, and strength testing; bioethanol production and safety must meet national fuel ethanol and industrial alcohol standards.

Sustainability and sourcing:
The plant commonly occurs in tidal wetlands and is harvested in south and southeast Asia. Sustainable practice emphasizes selective cutting of mature stems, avoidance of protected populations, and monitoring of habitat status to prevent degradation of mangrove systems and associated ecosystem services.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Acanthus doloarin	Blanco	Fl. Filip. : 487 (1837)
Acanthus ilicifolius var. subinteger	Nees	Prodr. 11: 269 (1847)
Acanthus neoguineensis	Engl.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 7: 474 (1886)
Dilivaria ilicifolia	Juss.	Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 103. 1789 [4 Aug 1789]
Acanthus ilicifolius subsp. orientalis	Bremek.	Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch., C 58: 300 1955
Acanthus ilicifolius var. typica	Domin	Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 603 (1929)
Dilivaria ilicifolia	(L.) J.St.-Hil.	Expos. Fam. Nat. 1: 237 (1805)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	holly leaved acanthus
English	holy mangrove
English	sea holly
ace	jeureuju
Arabic	أقنثا الأوراق المقدسة
bjn	jaruju
Bengali	নীল টেংরাকাঁটা
Bengali	কটকি
Bengali	হাড়গোজা
Persian	کنگر (گیاه)
Indonesian	jeruju
Japanese	ムラサキミズヒイラギ
jv	jeruju
Malayalam	ചുള്ളിക്കണ്ടൽ
Malay	pokok jeruju putih
Burmese	ခရာဆူး
Burmese	ရေခရာပင်
Burmese	ခရာပင်
Tamil	கழுதைப்பிட்டி-மூலிகை
tcy	ತುದೆಚುಳ್ಳಿ
Vietnamese	Ô rô nước
Chinese	厦门老鼠簕
Chinese	老鼠簕

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Acanthus ilicifolius var. ilicifolius		Unknown
Acanthus ilicifolius var. integrifolius	T.Anderson ex C.B.Clarke	Fl. Brit. India 4: 481 (1885)

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- China
  - China Southeast
  - Hainan

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Bangladesh
  - India
  - Sri Lanka
- Indo-China
  - Andaman Islands
  - Cambodia
  - Laos
  - Myanmar
  - Nicobar Nicobar
  - Thailand
  - Vietnam
- Malesia
  - Borneo
  - Jawa
  - Lesser Sunda Islands
  - Malaya
  - Maluku
  - Philippines
  - Sumatera
- Papuasia
  - Bismarck Archipelago
  - New Guinea
  - Solomon Islands

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - Northern Territory
  - Queensland

Pacific click to expand
- Southwestern Pacific
  - New Caledonia
  - Santa Cruz Island
  - Vanuatu

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000513844
Tropicos	100001
INPN	671660
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:44873-1
The Plant List	kew-2615257
Open Tree Of Life	77501
NCBI Taxonomy	328098
IUCN Red List	168780
IPNI	44873-1
iNaturalist	188925
GBIF	6359819
Freebase	/m/0dlk30h
EPPO	ACUIL
EOL	3102223
USDA GRIN	1079
Wikipedia	Acanthus_ilicifolius

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Genome Assembly of Three Shrub Mangroves in the Genus Acanthus Reveals Two Polyploidy Events and Expansion of Genes Linked to Root Adaptation in Coastal Habitats.

Nawae W, Naktang C, Paenpong P, Sangsrakru D, Yoocha T, U-Thoomporn S, Kongkachana W, Wanthongchai P, Yamprasai S, Samart C, Tangphatsornruang S, Pootakham W

Gigascience

21-Jan-2026

PMCID:	PMC12903786
doi:	10.1093/gigascience/giaf162
PMID:	41481123

Screening and genetic engineering of marine-derived Aspergillus terreus for high-efficient production of lovastatin

Na H, Zheng YY, Jia Y, Feng J, Huang J, Huang J, Wang CY, Yao G

Microb Cell Fact

09-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11084141
doi:	10.1186/s12934-024-02396-z
PMID:	38724934

Penifuranone A: A Novel Alkaloid from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Penicillium crustosum SCNU-F0006

Jia H, Wu L, Liu R, Li J, Liu L, Chen C, Li J, Zhang K, Liao J, Long Y

Int J Mol Sci

05-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11084256
doi:	10.3390/ijms25095032
PMID:	38732250

Molecular docking analysis of marine compounds with voltage gated calcium channel for potential anti-epileptic molecules

Sheokand D, Grewal A, Kumar P, Chauhan R, Saini V, Kumar A

Bioinformation

31-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11069600
doi:	10.6026/973206300200271
PMID:	38712007

Antimicrobial Action Mechanisms of Natural Compounds Isolated from Endophytic Microorganisms

Eshboev F, Mamadalieva N, Nazarov PA, Hussain H, Katanaev V, Egamberdieva D, Azimova S

Antibiotics (Basel)

18-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10967585
doi:	10.3390/antibiotics13030271
PMID:	38534706

Marine-Derived Bioactive Metabolites as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention in Managing Viral Diseases: Insights from the SARS-CoV-2 In Silico and Pre-Clinical Studies

Okechukwu QN, Adepoju FO, Kanwugu ON, Adadi P, Serrano-Aroca Á, Uversky VN, Okpala CO

Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

01-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10975954
doi:	10.3390/ph17030328
PMID:	38543114

Bioactive polyketides and meroterpenoids from the mangrove-derived fungus Talaromyces flavus TGGP35

Cai J, Zhou X, Wang B, Zhang X, Luo M, Huang L, Wang R, Chen Y, Li X, Luo Y, Chen G, Cao F, Huang G, Zheng C

Front Microbiol

01-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10867163
doi:	10.3389/fmicb.2024.1342843
PMID:	38362503

Detection of a bibenzyl core scaffold in 28 common mangrove and associate species of the Indian Sundarbans: potential signature molecule for mangrove salinity stress acclimation

Sarkar B, Kotal HN, Giri CK, Mandal A, Hudait N, Madhu NR, Saha S, Basak SK, Sengupta J, Ray K

Front Plant Sci

16-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10824835
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2023.1291805
PMID:	38293624

Why Are There So Few Basidiomycota and Basal Fungi as Endophytes? A Review

Rungjindamai N, Jones EB

J Fungi (Basel)

15-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10820240
doi:	10.3390/jof10010067
PMID:	38248976

Effect of Justicia schimperiana (Acanthaceae) roots extract on blood glucose level and lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Feleke MK, Bekele T, Dessie G, Ayelgn T, Nigatu A, Jemere T, Alene AN

Metabol Open

08-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10918418
doi:	10.1016/j.metop.2024.100270
PMID:	38455227

NRAMP gene family in Kandelia obovata: genome-wide identification, expression analysis, and response to five different copper stress conditions

Hussain Q, Ye T, Shang C, Li S, Khan A, Nkoh JN, Mustafa AE, Elshikh MS

Front Plant Sci

04-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10794735
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2023.1318383
PMID:	38239217

Mushrooms Adapted to Seawater: Two New Species of Candolleomyces (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) from China

Yang KL, Lin JY, Li GM, Yang ZL

J Fungi (Basel)

16-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10744817
doi:	10.3390/jof9121204
PMID:	38132805

Retraction: Physio-anatomical modifications and elemental allocation pattern in Acanthus ilicifolius L. subjected to zinc stress

N/A

PLoS One

14-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10721087
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0296156
PMID:	38096239

Bioactive Alkaloids as Secondary Metabolites from Plant Endophytic Aspergillus Genus

Zhu J, Song L, Shen S, Fu W, Zhu Y, Liu L

Molecules

27-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10707824
doi:	10.3390/molecules28237789
PMID:	38067519

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Antiquorum Sensing Potential of Methanol Extract and Essential Oil from Acanthus polystachyus Delile (Acanthaceae)

Getahun M, Nesru Y, Ahmed M, Satapathy S, Shenkute K, Gupta N, Naimuddin M

ACS Omega

31-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10653062
doi:	10.1021/acsomega.3c06246
PMID:	38024770

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan glycosides
(+)-Lyoniresinol 3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside	10483388	Click to see	582.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00362-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
(+)-syringaresinol beta-D-glucoside	443024	Click to see	580.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00362-9
[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-[[(1S,2R,3R)-7-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]methoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate	637481	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2C(C(CC3=CC(=C(C(=C23)OC)O)OC)CO)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)OC(=O)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)OC)O)OC	762.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00362-9
2-[[2-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-3-yl]methoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	162887826	Click to see	582.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00362-9
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3R)-8-hydroxyoct-1-en-3-yl]oxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	154496760	Click to see C=CC(CCCCCO)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)COC2C(C(C(CO2)O)O)O)O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O	600.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-1,2,5-Trihydroxy-6-oxo-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyhexan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	101688189	Click to see	488.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
2-[4,5-Dihydroxy-2-(8-hydroxyoct-1-en-3-yloxy)-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	85411538	Click to see	600.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
Rha(a1-3)[coumaroyl(3-OH)(-4)]aldehydo-All	163072062	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC(C(C=O)O)C(C(CO)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O)O	488.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Octacosanol	68406	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO	410.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50044A033
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[2-hydroxy-4-[(E)-3-hydroxybut-1-enyl]-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	101831551	Click to see	388.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00362-9
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Alpha-Amyrin	73170	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82541-8
Lupeol	259846	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82541-8
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cholestane steroids / Cholesterols and derivatives
Cholesterol	5997	Click to see	386.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82541-8
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids / Ergosterols and derivatives
(24R)-5-Ergosten-3beta-ol	312822	Click to see	400.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81558-7
(3S,8S,9S,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	134766514	Click to see	400.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81558-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82541-8
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81558-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82541-8
beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside	296119	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50044A033
Fucosterol	5281328	Click to see CC=C(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81558-7
Sitogluside	5742590	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50044A033
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol	22012	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81558-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82541-8
Stigmasterol	5280794	Click to see	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50044A033 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81558-7
> Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleosides
9-alpha-Ribofuranosyladenine	448378	Click to see	267.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
Adenosine	60961	Click to see C1=NC(=C2C(=N1)N(C=N2)C3C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)N	267.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00267-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxyoxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol	5315931	Click to see	492.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
Cistanoside E	21632979	Click to see	476.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	154496881	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)OC)O	332.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00267-9
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-phenoxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-2-ethyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	163190369	Click to see	446.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
4'-O-beta-D-glucosyl-cis-p-coumaric acid	10604651	Click to see	326.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.1201
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Oligosaccharides
(6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoct-7-enoic acid	11114751	Click to see C=CC(CCCCC(=O)O)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)COC3C(C(C(CO3)O)O)O)O)O)O	614.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.1201
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzoxazoles / Benzoxazolones
2-Benzoxazolinone	6043	Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)NC(=O)O2	135.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50044A033 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959449
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
[(1R,2R,3S,4R,6R)-4-[(2R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methoxyethoxy]-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxycyclohexyl] (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	154496301	Click to see	654.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	154496101	Click to see	624.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 3-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-4-O-((2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside	132274946	Click to see	624.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00362-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
Campneoside	5315651	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCC(C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)OC)O)O)O)O	654.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6
Verbascoside	5281800	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O	624.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00100-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00362-9
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-8-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one	138454316	Click to see C1C(C(C(C(O1)C2=C3C(=C(C(=C2O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C(=O)C=C(O3)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O	564.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00362-9
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,8-bis[(2S,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one	44257674	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C(=C3O2)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O)O	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00362-9
Vitexin	5280441	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.200334189
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glucuronides / Flavonoid-7-O-glucuronides
Apigenin 7-O-glucuronide	5319484	Click to see	446.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00362-9
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
CID 14132346	14132346	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C(=O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O	360.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00267-9
Syringic acid glucosyl ester	163186317	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C(=O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O	360.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00267-9

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Acanthus ilicifolius

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