Galium aparine in Genus Galium

Details Top

Internal ID	UUID64403c37abbd7513207183
Scientific name	Galium aparine
Authority	L.
First published in	Sp. Pl. : 108 (1753)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice

Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Galium aparine has a long reputation as a gentle diuretic and “spring tonic,” especially in British herbal traditions and North American Eclectic practice. In the British Isles, Grieve’s A Modern Herbal (1931) records that the whole herb is taken as an infusion or a “strong decoction” for dropsy, Gravel (renal irritation), fevers, and catarrh. In the United States, Ellingwood’s American Materia Medica (1919) lists a fluidextract prepared from fresh aerial parts for dropsy and similar conditions, while Felter’s Eclectic Materia Medica (1898) repeats its diuretic value. Across North America, Moore’s Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West (2003) recommends a daily mild infusion of the whole plant as a lymphatic tonic. In Wales, Culpeper’s The English Physician (1653) calls it a “great diuretic” suitable for jaundice and inflamed kidneys, and historical sources from the British Isles also mention a fresh poultice of the herb for cutaneous eruptions and wounds.

A practical preparation is a mild daily tea. Use 2–3 grams of chopped whole herb (aërial parts) per cup of water, pour just-off-the-boil water over the herb, cover, and steep 10–15 minutes; strain and drink up to two cups a day. The plant is generally regarded as safe in culinary and tonic doses, but do not use therapeutically in pregnancy or while breastfeeding unless a qualified practitioner advises. For a tincture, a 1:5 ethanol extract of the aerial parts is widely prepared at 25–30% alcohol, macerated 6–8 weeks; the typical dose is 1–3 mL (about 30–90 drops) two to three times daily, though individual doses should follow product labeling or professional guidance.

Phytochemistry supports its traditional profile. G. aparine contains the iridoid asperuloside, flavonoids such as quercetin and rutin, coumarins like scopoletin, tannins, and the anthraquinones alizarin and rubiadin. These constituents are consistent with mild diuretic activity, soothing mucous membranes, and astringent effects on irritated tissues.

Today, G. aparine is still widely used in North American and British herbal practice as a gentle diuretic and lymphatic tonic, sold as bulk herb and tincture. Some modern research continues to investigate its diuretic and antioxidant properties, but its main relevance remains traditional: simple infusions of the whole herb are a common household remedy, and the 1:5 tincture remains a core product in many herbal dispensaries.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Plant used as a non-woven, abrasive, reusable pad for scouring cooking utensils and light cleaning (cloth-like mat of hooked prickles applied wet or dry).

Industrial and craft applications:
- Laboratory research material for studying phloem transport and sieve-tube physiology (access to living, translucent sieve tubes and protocols developed in this species).

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
- Straining/coagulating aid in cheese and dairy processing: crushed aerial parts added to milk to assist curd formation in rennet-based cheeses; the practice is noted in ethnoveterinary food technology contexts rather than as a medicinal preparation.

Colorants and tanning:
- No verified non-medicinal dye or tannin uses are recorded for this taxon.

Wood and fiber:
- No documented timber, bast fiber, or structural fiber uses are recorded for this taxon.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- No verified fragrance or cosmetic uses are recorded for this taxon.

Properties relevant to use:
- Dense coverage of hooked, stiff trichomes on stems and leaves provides a self-bonding, abrasive surface suitable for mild scouring and physical cleaning.

Standards and regulation:
- No specific product standards or regulatory frameworks are assigned to this plant or its cleaning applications.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Wild-harvested from ruderal habitats; no cultivation or sustainability frameworks are documented in the sources.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Aparine vulgaris	Hill	Herb. Brit. 2: 149 (1770)
Asterophyllum aparine	K.F.Schimp. & Spenn.	Fl. Friburg. 3: 1077 (1829)
Rubia aparine	Baill.	Hist. Pl. 7: 373 (1880)
Galium aparine var. agreste	P.D.Sell	Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 4: 530 (26). 2006
Galium aparine subsp. agreste	P.D.Sell	Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 4: 530 (21, 26; fig.). 2006
Galium aparine var. marinum	Fr.	Novit. Fl. Suec. Alt. 24. 1828
Crucianella purpurea	Wulff. ex Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 1: 448 (1840)
Galion aparinum	St.-Lag.	Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 113 (1880)
Galium aculeatissimum	Kit. ex Kanitz	Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 13: 548 (1863)
Galium aparine var. fructibushispidis	Franch.	Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. sér. 2, 6: 36. 1883
Galium aparine var. intermedium	(Mérat) Bonnet	Petite Fl. Paris. : 191 (1883)
Galium aparine f. intermedium	(Mérat) R.J.Moore	Canad. J. Bot. 53: 881. 1975
Galium aparine var. microphyllum	Gay	Fl. Chil. [Gay] 3: 190. 1848
Galium aparine var. pseudoaparine	Speg.	Revista Fac. Agron. Univ. Nac. La Plata 3: 526 (1897)
Galium aparine var. subglabrum	Peterm.	Fl. Lips. Excurs. 122. 1838
Galium borbonicum var. makianum	Cordem.	Fl. Réunion 518. 1895
Galium charoides	Rusby	Phytologia 1: 80 (1934)
Galium chilense	Hook.f.	Fl. Antarct. 2: 302(bis) (1846)
Galium hispidum	Willd.	Enum. Pl. : 154 (1809)
Galium larecajense	Wernham	J. Bot. 50: 244 (1912)
Galium pseudoaparine	Griseb.	Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 6: 125 (1854)
Galium segetum	K.Koch	Linnaea 17: 33 (1843)
Galium tenerrimum	Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 279 (1866)
Galium uncinatum	Gray	Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 484 (1821 publ. 1822)
Galium aparine var. verum	Wimm. & Grab.	Fl. Siles. 1: 119. 1827
Galium aparine var. hirsutum	Mert. & W.D.J.Koch	Deutschl. Fl. ed. 3, 1: 774. 1823
Aparine hispida	Moench	Methodus : 640 (1794)
Asperula aparine	(L.) Besser	Prim. Fl. Galiciae Austriac. 1: 114 (1809)
Galium adhaerens	Gilib.	Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 13 (1782)
Galium asperum	Honck.	Verz. Gew. Teutschl. : 423 (1782)
Galium australe	Reiche	Fl. Chile 3: 149 (1900)
Galium chonosense	Clos	Fl. Chil. 3: 189 (1848)
Galium horridum	Eckl. & Zeyh.	Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. : 370 (1837)
Galium intermedium	Mérat	Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris ed. 3, 2: 255 (1831)
Galium lappaceum	Salisb.	Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 59 (1796)
Galium parviflorum	Maxim.	Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 472 (1859)
Galium uliginosum	Thunb.	Fl. Jap. : 58 (1784)
Asperula aparine var. aparine	(L.) Nyman	Consp. Fl. Eur. : 332 (1879)
Galium aparine f. angustifolium	Cout.	Fl. Portugal 2: 691 (1939)
Galium aparine f. latifolium	Cout.	Fl. Portugal 2: 691 (1939)
Galium aparine var. thalassicum	Beurl.	Bot. Not. 1854: 137 (1854)
Galium aparine var. minor	Hook.	Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 290 (1833)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	goosegrass
English	stickywilly
English	stickleback
English	catchweed
English	cleavers
English	clivers
English	goose grass
English	sticky willy
Spanish	apegamanos
Spanish	galio de flor blanca
Spanish	hierba presa
Spanish	pega ropas
Spanish	rapia
Spanish	repegon
Spanish	galium adhaerens
Spanish	asperula aparine
Spanish	crucianella purpurea
Spanish	galium asperum
Spanish	galium horridum
Spanish	galium lappaceum
Spanish	galium larecajense
Spanish	galium segetum
Arabic	بلسك
Arabic	حشيشة الأفعى
Arabic	غاليون أبيض
Arabic	لصيقي
Arabic	بلسكاء
Arabic	بلسكاء/ حشيشة الأفعى
Azerbaijani	İlişkən qatıqotu
Belarusian	павіліца
Belarusian	маруна ўчэпістая
Bulgarian	лепка
Catalan	gaillet gratteron
Catalan	rébola
Catalan	apegalosa
Czech	svízel přítula
Welsh	llau‘r offeiriad
Welsh	gwlydd y perthi
Welsh	llau'r perthi
Welsh	llau`r offeiriad
Danish	burre-snerre
German	gaillet gratteron
German	gewöhnliches kletten-labkraut
German	klebkraut
German	klebriges labkraut
German	klettenlabkraut
German	klettlabkraut
German	kletten-labkraut
Esperanto	alkroĉa galio
Estonian	roomav madar
Basque	ziabelar latza
Basque	ziabelar latz
Persian	بی تی راخ
Finnish	kierumatara
French	gaillet gratteron
French	gaillet accrochant
French	herbe collante
French	rièble
Irish	garbhlus
Hebrew	דבקה זיפנית
Croatian	priljepača
Upper Sorbian	lěpjacy sydrik
Hungarian	ragadós galaj
Armenian	Մակարդախոտ կպչուն
Icelandic	krókamaðra
Italian	attaccamano
Japanese	シラホシムグラ
Georgian	ბეგიაური
Kabyle	imenteḍ
Cornish	les serghek byghan
Lithuanian	gaillet gratteron
Lithuanian	kibusis lipikas
Latvian	Ķeraiņu madara
Macedonian	лепавец
Macedonian	четинест лепавец
Norwegian Bokmål	klengemaure
Dutch	kleefkruid
Norwegian Nynorsk	klengjemaure
os	Хæрдог
Polish	przytulia czepna
Romanian	turiță
Romanian	lipicioasă
Russian	подмаренник льновый
Russian	подмаренник цепкий
sco	stickers
Slovak	lipkavec obyčajný
Slovenian	plezajoča lakota
Serbian	Лепљиви броћ
Swedish	gaillet gratteron
Swedish	snärjegräs
Swedish	snärjgräs
Swedish	snarpegräs
Swedish	snärpegräs
Swedish	strandsnärjmåra
Swedish	vanlig snärjmåra
Swedish	vattenbinda
Swedish	vitblommig snärjmåra
Swedish	snärjmåra
Turkish	yoğurt otu
Ukrainian	підмаренник чіпкий
Uzbek	qumrioʻt
Uzbek	chakamigʻ
Chinese	猪殃殃
Chinese	八仙草
Chinese	原拉拉藤
Chinese	豬殃殃
Chinese	歐洲豬殃殃

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Macaronesia
  - Azores
  - Canary Islands
  - Cape Verde
  - Madeira
  - Selvagens
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Ethiopia
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia
- West Tropical Africa
  - Nigeria
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Burundi
  - Zaïre

Antarctica click to expand
- Subantarctic Islands
  - Crozet Islands
  - Tristan Da Cunha

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Gulf States
  - Oman
  - Saudi Arabia
- China
  - China North-central
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Manchuria
  - Tibet
- Eastern Asia
  - Japan
  - Korea
  - Ogasawara-Shoto
- Middle Asia
  - Kirgizstan
  - Tadzhikistan
  - Uzbekistan
- Mongolia
  - Mongolia
- Siberia
  - Altay
  - Buryatiya
  - Chita
  - Irkutsk
  - Krasnoyarsk
  - Tuva
  - West Siberia
  - Yakutskiya
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan
  - Cyprus
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Iran
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Palestine
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - East Himalaya
  - India
  - Nepal
  - Pakistan
  - West Himalaya
- Indo-China
  - Vietnam

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - New South Wales
  - South Australia
  - Tasmania
  - Victoria
- New Zealand
  - Chatham Islands
  - New Zealand North
  - New Zealand South

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - North European Russia
  - Northwest European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Føroyar
  - Great Britain
  - Iceland
  - Ireland
  - Norway
  - Svalbard
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Kriti
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares
  - Corse
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - Labrador
  - New Brunswick
  - Newfoundland
  - Nova Scotia
  - Ontario
  - Prince Edward Island
  - Québec
- Mexico
  - Mexican Pacific Islands
  - Mexico Northeast
  - Mexico Northwest
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Minnesota
  - Missouri
  - Nebraska
  - North Dakota
  - Oklahoma
  - South Dakota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - Vermont
  - West Virginia
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Montana
  - Oregon
  - Washington
  - Wyoming
- South-central U.S.A.
  - New Mexico
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Arkansas
  - Delaware
  - District Of Columbia
  - Florida
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - Mississippi
  - North Carolina
  - South Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - Arizona
  - California
  - Nevada
  - Utah
- Subarctic America
  - Alaska
  - Aleutian Islands
  - Greenland
- Western Canada
  - Alberta
  - British Columbia
  - Manitoba
  - Saskatchewan

Pacific click to expand
- North-central Pacific
  - Hawaii

Southern America click to expand
- Caribbean
  - Bermuda
  - Dominican Republic
  - Haiti
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
  - Argentina Northwest
  - Argentina South
  - Chile Central
  - Chile North
  - Chile South
  - Juan Fernández Islands
  - Uruguay
- Western South America
  - Bolivia
  - Colombia
  - Ecuador
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000968296
UNII	Z4B6561488
Florida Plant Atlas	3883
Flora of Alabama	3259
Canadensys	8995
USDA Plants	GAAP2
Tropicos	27900076
INPN	99373
Flora of Italy	4168
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30007294-2
The Plant List	kew-85676
PFAF	Galium aparine
Open Tree Of Life	807641
Observations.org	6812
NCBI Taxonomy	29788
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000004319
Nature Serve	2.153584
IPNI	30007294-2
iNaturalist	53059
GBIF	2913548
Freebase	/m/06ktm3
WisFlora	3662
FEIS	plants/forb/galapa
EPPO	GALAP
EOL	1098038
Elurikkus	4835
Calflora (Californian flora)	3669
USDA GRIN	103276
Wikipedia	Galium_aparine

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_964106835.1	daGalApar1.hap1.1	Chromosome	WELLCOME SANGER INSTITUTE	2024-06-06	108	817.83 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Impact of novel herbicide based on synthetic auxins and ALS inhibitor on weed control

Grzanka M, Joniec A, Rogulski J, Sobiech Ł, Idziak R, Loryś B

Open Life Sci

26-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11049747
doi:	10.1515/biol-2022-0868
PMID:	38681726

Distribution and Mechanism of Japanese Brome (Bromus japonicus) Resistance to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides in China

Bai L, Li X, Guo X, Chen J, Yu H, Cui H

Plants (Basel)

19-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11054565
doi:	10.3390/plants13081139
PMID:	38674548

Wild Edible Plants Used in Dalmatian Zagora (Croatia)

Ninčević Runjić T, Jug-Dujaković M, Runjić M, Łuczaj Ł

Plants (Basel)

11-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11053949
doi:	10.3390/plants13081079
PMID:	38674488

Physiological and molecular insights into the allelopathic effects on agroecosystems under changing environmental conditions

Kumar N, Singh H, Giri K, Kumar A, Joshi A, Yadav S, Singh R, Bisht S, Kumari R, Jeena N, Khairakpam R, Mishra G

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

06-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11018569
doi:	10.1007/s12298-024-01440-x
PMID:	38633277

New Light on Plants and Their Chemical Compounds Used in Polish Folk Medicine to Treat Urinary Diseases

Olas B, Różański W, Urbańska K, Sławińska N, Bryś M

Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

28-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11054606
doi:	10.3390/ph17040435
PMID:	38675397

Channel Attention GAN-Based Synthetic Weed Generation for Precise Weed Identification

Li T, Asai M, Kato Y, Fukano Y, Guo W

Plant Phenomics

28-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10981930
doi:	10.34133/plantphenomics.0122
PMID:	38560380

Medicinal plants and natural products for treating overactive bladder

Chen H, Hoi MP, Lee SM

Chin Med

27-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10967063
doi:	10.1186/s13020-024-00884-3
PMID:	38532487

Overview of Ethnobotanical–Pharmacological Studies Carried Out on Medicinal Plants from the Serra da Estrela Natural Park: Focus on Their Antidiabetic Potential

Lahlou RA, Carvalho F, Pereira MJ, Lopes J, Silva LR

Pharmaceutics

25-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11054966
doi:	10.3390/pharmaceutics16040454
PMID:	38675115

A decade of advances in the study of buckwheat for organic farming and agroecology (2013-2023)

Vieites-Álvarez Y, Reigosa MJ, Sánchez-Moreiras AM

Front Plant Sci

06-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10950947
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2024.1354672
PMID:	38510443

Biomimetic Structure and Surface for Grasping Tasks

Li J, Yin F, Tian Y

Biomimetics (Basel)

27-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10967874
doi:	10.3390/biomimetics9030144
PMID:	38534829

Traditional Use of Wild Edible Plants in Slovenia: A Field Study and an Ethnobotanical Literature Review

Papež Kristanc A, Kreft S, Strgulc Krajšek S, Kristanc L

Plants (Basel)

24-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934440
doi:	10.3390/plants13050621
PMID:	38475472

Traditional and contemporary herbal medicines in management of cancer: A scoping review

Imtiaz I, Schloss J, Bugarcic A

J Ayurveda Integr Med

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10901831
doi:	10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100904
PMID:	38395014

Immuno-Enhancing Effects of Galium aparine L. in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Animal Models

Lee SY, Park SY, Park HJ

Nutrients

22-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934713
doi:	10.3390/nu16050597
PMID:	38474724

The Pro-197-Thr mutation in the ALS gene confers novel resistance patterns to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Bromus japonicus in China

Liu L, Wu L, Li Z, Fang Y, Ju B, Zhang S, Bai L, Pan L

Front Plant Sci

22-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10917945
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2024.1348815
PMID:	38455726

Ecological and Syntaxonomic Analysis of the Communities of Glebionis coronaria and G. discolor (Malvion neglectae) in the European Mediterranean Area

Cano E, Cano-Ortiz A, Quinto Canas R, Piñar Fuentes JC, Rodrigues Meireles C, Raposo M, Pinto Gomes C, Laface VL, Spampinato G, Musarella CM

Plants (Basel)

20-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934477
doi:	10.3390/plants13050568
PMID:	38475415

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthraquinones / Hydroxyanthraquinones
1,3-Dihydroxy-2-(methoxymethoxy)anthracene-9,10-dione	102138994	Click to see	300.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85131-A
Alizarin 1-methyl ether	80309	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC2=C1C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=O)O	254.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85131-A
Lucidin omega-methyl ether	149782	Click to see	284.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85131-A
Nordamnacanthal	160712	Click to see	268.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00095-X
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Salicylic acid and derivatives / Salicylic acids
Salicylic Acid	338	Click to see	138.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/J39680000854
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Iridoid O-glycosides
Asperulosidic acid	11968867	Click to see CC(=O)OCC1=CC(C2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1076/PHBI.39.3.234.5928
Asperulosidicacid	145709477	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1076/PHBI.39.3.234.5928
Desacetylasperulosidic acid	12315350	Click to see	390.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1076/PHBI.39.3.234.5928
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
Chlorogenic Acid	1794427	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10826079408013630
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
[5-(hexopyranosyloxy)-1-oxo-2a,4a,5,7b-tetrahydro-1H-2,6-dioxacyclopenta[cd]inden-4-yl]methyl acetate	233330	Click to see CC(=O)OCC1=CC2C3C1C(OC=C3C(=O)O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	414.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-971341 https://doi.org/10.3719/WEED.28.205 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84499-4
Asperuloside	84298	Click to see CC(=O)OCC1=CC2C3C1C(OC=C3C(=O)O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	414.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.3719/WEED.28.205
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
Rutin	5280805	Click to see	610.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10826079408013630

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Galium aparine

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