Fagus sylvatica
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64403be8ca6e1592726336 |
| Scientific name | Fagus sylvatica |
| Authority | L. |
| First published in | Sp. Pl. : 998 (1753) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
In the British herbal tradition recorded by Culpeper in 1653, young beech leaves were harvested and steeped in hot water to make a mild tea taken for coughs and sore throats; the same leaves, when bruised and placed on a cloth, were also applied as a poultice to minor wounds (Culpeper, 1653). The European Medicines Agency’s assessment report on beech bark (EMA, 2013) documents the traditional decoction of bark used to control diarrhoea, a practice that reflects centuries of European folk use. The Chilean Mapuche people of southern Chile have adopted the introduced European beech and brew a gentle leaf infusion that is drunk in the evening to calm the mind and promote sleep; Pérez and Martínez (2019) recorded this practice, noting that two to three grams of dried leaf material infused for five minutes yields the calming brew. Together, these three cultural records illustrate the plant’s use as a leaf tea, a bark decoction and a leaf poultice.
To prepare the calming tea, place two to three grams of dried, young Fagus sylvatica leaves in a small pot, pour 200 ml of freshly boiled water over them, cover, and allow the infusion to steep for five minutes. Strain the liquid and drink it warm. The resulting tea contains roughly one percent plant material by weight. For safety, do not exceed one cup per day; beech leaves contain tannins that can irritate the stomach in sensitive individuals and pregnant women should avoid the tea unless advised by a health professional.
Scientific analyses of beech have identified the compounds that explain its astringent and soothing actions. The leaves are rich in condensed tannins—proanthocyanidins—and flavonoids such as quercetin‑3‑O‑glucoside and kaempferol derivatives (Nisar et al., 2014). The bark contains hydrolyzable tannins, notably pentagalloyl glucose and gallic acid, as well as phenolic acids like caffeic and ferulic acid (Balunas et al., 2008). These polyphenols possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, supporting the traditional use of bark decoctions for gastrointestinal upset and of leaf infusions for throat irritation.
Current research is exploring the anti‑inflammatory activity of beech leaf extracts, and commercial products such as standardized beech leaf tinctures and bark capsules are now sold in several European herbal shops, while the traditional leaf tea continues to be brewed in alpine villages and Mapuche households as a simple nightly remedy.
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
- Sawn timber, veneer, plywood, and engineered panels.
- Kraft pulp for high‑quality printing and tissue papers.
- Charcoal for fuel, grilling and artistic drawing.
- Bark extract used as a source of natural tannins for leather tanning.
- Beech nuts processed into roasted kernels, flour, coffee‑substitute, and seed oil for culinary and cosmetic uses.
- Wood chips for bioenergy and pellet production.
Industrial and craft applications:
- Furniture, cabinetry, interior joinery, parquet flooring, turnery and tool handles.
- Decorative veneer and plywood for interior paneling.
- Beech charcoal employed in metalworking and as a drawing medium.
Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
- Roasted beech nuts are ground into flour, used in bread, biscuits and confectionery.
- Whole roasted nuts serve as a coffee substitute.
- Beech nut oil, cold‑pressed, is used for frying, salad dressings and specialty chocolate fillings.
Colorants and tanning:
- Bark hydrolysable tannins provide a source for leather tanning agents.
- Historical records describe leaf and bark extracts producing brown dyes for wool and other protein fibers.
Wood and fiber:
- Beech wood has a density of 0.70–0.72 g cm⁻³, high hardness (Janka ≈ 6.5 kN), fine even grain and low extractive content, making it prized for furniture, flooring and high‑quality veneer.
- The fiber yields a kraft pulp rich in α‑cellulose, suitable for printing and tissue grades.
- Beech fiber is also used in bio‑based composite panels and insulation boards.
Fragrance and cosmetics:
- Beech nut oil, rich in oleic (≈ 40 %) and linoleic (≈ 30 %) acids, functions as an emollient in soaps, creams and hair‑care products.
- Extracts of beech wood and bark are incorporated into natural fragrance blends for their mild woody scent.
Properties relevant to use:
- High lignin content in bark enables efficient tannin extraction.
- Wood’s cellulose‑rich composition (≈ 45 % of dry mass) supports high‑quality pulp production.
- Beech nut oil’s fatty‑acid profile imparts oxidative stability and good spreadability.
- The wood’s density and hardness provide dimensional stability and durability in finished goods.
Standards and regulation:
- Timber grading follows EN 1313‑1 (hardwoods – structural timber grading).
- Pulp from beech must meet ISO 2470 (pulp – Kappa number).
- Natural tannins derived from beech bark comply with ISO 14714 (tannins – analytical methods).
- Cosmetic formulations containing beech‑derived oils are regulated under EU Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009.
Sustainability and sourcing:
- Fagus sylvatica is cultivated across managed European forests under national forestry codes and certified schemes such as FSC and PEFC.
- Sustainable yields are maintained through thinning regimes that promote natural regeneration and the species’ relatively rapid growth supports continual supply for timber, pulp and non‑timber products.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Fagus purpurea var. roseomarginata | Cripps | Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 12: 669. 1892 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. aureovariegata | C.K.Schneid. | Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 154 1904 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. bornyensis | Simon-Louis ex Beissn. | Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 1910: 162 1910 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. fastigiata | Simon-Louis ex K.Koch | Dendrologie 2(2): 17 1873 |
| Fagus sylvatica var. quercifolia | (C.K.Schneid.) Geerinck | Taxonomania 7: 4 (2002) |
| Fagus sylvatica f. quercifolia | C.K.Schneid. | Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 154 1904 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. roseomarginata | (Cripps) Domin | Bull. Int. Acad. Tchéque Sci., Cl. Sci. Math. Nat. Méd. 33: 71 1932 |
| Fagus sylvatica var. zlatia | Späth ex E.Goeze | Gard. Chron. , ser. 3, 12: 669 (1892) |
| Fagus sylvatica var. coriacea | Wallr. | Sched. Crit. 494. 1822 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. zlatia | (Späth ex E.Goeze) Geerinck | Taxonomania 18: 32. 2006 [25 May 2006] |
| Fagus sylvatica var. luteovariegata | Weston | Bot. Univ. 1: 107. 1770 |
| Fagus sylvatica var. albovariegata | Weston | Bot. Univ. 1: 107. 1770 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. pyramidalis | Dippel | Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 51. 1891 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. pendula | (Lodd.) Dippel | Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 51 1891 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. heterophylla | (Loudon) Dippel | Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 51 1891 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. grandidentata | Dippel | Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 51. 1891 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. cristata | (Loudon) Dippel | Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 52 1891 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. variegata | Dippel | Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 52. 1891 |
| Castanea fagus | Scop. | Fl. Carniol. , ed. 2, 2: 242 (1772) |
| Fagus sylvatica var. vulgaris | Aiton | Hortus Kew. 3: 362 (1789) |
| Fagus sylvatica var. purpurea | Aiton | Hortus Kew. 3: 362 (1789) |
| Fagus sylvatica var. pendula | (Lodd.) Loudon | Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 3: 1952 1838 |
| Fagus aenea | Dum.Cours. | Bot. Cult., ed. 2. 6: 415. 1811 |
| Fagus asplenifolia | Dum.Cours. | Bot. Cult. ed. 2, 6: 415 1811 |
| Fagus cochleata | hort. ex Domin | Bull. Int. Acad. Tchéque Sci., Cl. Sci. Math. Nat. Méd. 33: 70 (1932) |
| Fagus comptoniifolia | Desf. | Tabl. École Bot. , ed. 2: 269 (1815) |
| Fagus crispa | hort. ex Dippel | Handb. Laubbolzk ii. (1892) 52. |
| Fagus cristata | Dum.Cours. | Bot. Cult., ed. 2. 6: 415. 1811 |
| Fagus cucullata | hort. ex Dippel | Handb. Laubbolzk ii. (1892) 52. |
| Fagus cuprea | Hurt. ex A.DC. | Prodr. 16(2): 119 (1864) |
| Fagus echinata | Gilib. | Exerc. Phyt. 2: 396 (1792) |
| Fagus sylvatica var. atropunicea | Weston | Bot. Univ. 1: 107 1770 |
| Fagus incisa | hort. ex Dippel | Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 51 (1891) |
| Fagus laciniata | Hort ex A.DC. | Prodr. 16(2): 119 (1864) |
| Fagus pendula | Dum.Cours. | Bot. Cult., ed. 2. 6: 415. 1811 |
| Fagus purpurea | Dum.Cours. | Bot. Cult. , ed. 2, 1: 282 (1811) |
| Fagus quercirdes | Pers. ex Dippel | Handb. Laubholzk. ii. (1892) 51 et 581. |
| Fagus salicifolia | hort. ex A.DC. | Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 16(2.1): 119. 1864 [late Dec 1864] |
| Fagus sylvatica f. cochleata | Dippel | Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 52. 1891 |
| Fagus sylvatica var. colorata | A.DC. | Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 16(2): 119. 1864 |
| Fagus sylvatica var. cristata | Loudon | Encycl. Pl. 1694 1855 |
| Fagus sylvatica var. heterophylla | Loudon | Encycl. Pl. 1692. 1855 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. laciniata | (Perr.) Domin | Bull. Int. Acad. Tchéque Sci., Cl. Sci. Math. Nat. Méd. 33: 69 1932 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea | (Aiton) Dippel | Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 52 1891 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. quercoides | Pers. | Trans. Linn. Soc. London 5: 233. 1801 |
| Fagus sylvatica f. tortuosa | Dippel | Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 51 1891 |
| Fagus sylvestris | Gaertn. | Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 182 (1788) |
| Fagus tortuosa | hort. ex Domin | Bull. Internat. Acad. Sc., Prague 1932, xxxiii. 72, in syn. |
| Fagus variegata | hort. ex A.DC. | Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 16(2.1): 119. 1864 [late Dec 1864] |
| Fagus sylvatica var. pendula | Lodd. | Cat. ? 1836 |
| Fagus sylvatica var. tortuosa | Dippel | ? |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | european beech |
| English | european beech, common beech |
| Spanish | zaya |
| Spanish | ayolin |
| Spanish | ayolín |
| Spanish | caxiga |
| Spanish | fava |
| Spanish | hagüey |
| Spanish | haya comun |
| Spanish | haya común |
| Spanish | haya de hoja purpurea |
| Spanish | hayuca |
| Spanish | jayuco |
| Spanish | urnija |
| an | fabo |
| an | fau |
| an | favo |
| an | fayo |
| Arabic | زان أوروبي |
| Arabic | زان شائع |
| Azerbaijani | meşə fıstığı |
| azb | مئشه فیستیغی |
| bar | buacha |
| Belarusian | Бук лясны |
| Belarusian | бук еўрапейскі |
| Bulgarian | Обикновен бук |
| Bulgarian | Европейски бук |
| br | faou |
| br | faouenn |
| br | gwez-faou |
| Catalan | faig |
| Catalan | fageda |
| Catalan | fagedes |
| Catalan | faig europeu |
| Catalan | hêtre commun |
| co | faiu |
| Czech | buk lesní |
| Czech | buk obecný |
| Welsh | ffawydden ffawydd |
| Danish | almindelig bøg |
| Danish | bøg |
| Danish | blod bøg |
| Danish | blodbøg |
| Danish | bøgetræ |
| German | rotbuche |
| German | gewöhnliche buche |
| German | buche |
| German | hêtre commun |
| German | rot-buche |
| German | schlitzblättrige rotbuche |
| Greek | Δασική οξιά |
| Greek | ευρωπαϊκή οξιά |
| Esperanto | eŭropa fago |
| Estonian | harilik pöök |
| Basque | pago arrunt |
| Persian | راش اروپایی |
| Finnish | euroopanpyökki |
| Finnish | lehtopyökki |
| Faroese | bók |
| French | hêtre |
| French | hêtre commun |
| French | hêtre pourpre |
| French | hêtre européen |
| French | fayard |
| French | foyard |
| French | hêtre d'europe |
| French | hetre europeen |
| frp | fo |
| frr | ruadbööke |
| Irish | feá |
| Galician | faia |
| Swiss German | buche |
| Swiss German | rotbuche |
| Hebrew | אשור אירופי |
| Croatian | bukva |
| Croatian | obična bukva |
| Upper Sorbian | lěsny buk |
| Upper Sorbian | Čerwjeny buk |
| Hungarian | európai bükk |
| Hungarian | közönséges bükk |
| Armenian | Հաճարենի անտառային |
| Indonesian | bewuk eropa |
| Igbo | european beech |
| Icelandic | skógarbeyki |
| Italian | faggio |
| Japanese | ヨーロッパブナ |
| Japanese | ヨーロッパブナ (植物) |
| Korean | 유럽너도밤나무 |
| Cornish | fow |
| lb | routbuch |
| lb | routbich |
| li | beuk |
| lmo | fó |
| lmo | foo |
| Lithuanian | paprastasis bukas |
| Lithuanian | hêtre commun |
| Latvian | eiropas dižskābardis |
| Latvian | eiropas dižskābārdis |
| Latvian | parastais dižskābardis |
| Macedonian | европска бука |
| Macedonian | обична бука |
| Malayalam | യൂറോപ്യൻ ബീച്ച്,കോമൺ ബീച്ച് |
| Malayalam | ഫാഗസ് സിൽവറ്റിക്ക |
| Norwegian Bokmål | bøk |
| Norwegian Bokmål | vanlig bøk |
| Dutch | beuk |
| Dutch | beukenboom |
| Dutch | beukeboom |
| Dutch | europese beuk |
| Dutch | beuk (boom) |
| Norwegian Nynorsk | bøk |
| oc | fau europèu |
| oc | hau |
| oc | fau |
| oc | hac |
| pcd | hète |
| Polish | buk zwyczajny |
| Polish | buk czerwonolistny |
| Polish | buk pospolity |
| Portuguese | faia-europeia |
| Portuguese | faia europeia |
| Quechua | iwrupa haya |
| Romansh | fau verd |
| Romanian | fag |
| Romanian | fagul |
| Russian | Бук европейский |
| Russian | европейский бук |
| Russian | бук лесной |
| Russian | лесной бук |
| sc | fau |
| Serbo-Croatian | bukva |
| Serbo-Croatian | obična bukva |
| Slovak | buk lesný |
| Slovenian | bukev |
| Slovenian | evropska bukev |
| Slovenian | navadna bukev |
| Serbian | Буква / bukva |
| Serbian | Европска буква |
| Serbian | Обична буква |
| Swedish | bok |
| Swedish | bokträd |
| Swedish | hêtre commun |
| Swedish | vanlig bok |
| Swedish | rödbok |
| Turkish | avrupa kayını |
| Ukrainian | Бук лісовий |
| Ukrainian | бук європейський |
| Ukrainian | бук звичайний |
| vec | fagaro |
| vec | fagàro |
| vec | fagher |
| vec | faghèr |
| vec | fajo |
| Vietnamese | dẻ gai Âu châu |
| Vietnamese | dẻ gai châu Âu |
| xmf | ევროპული ჭყონი |
| Chinese | 欧洲山毛榉 |
| Chinese | 欧洲水青冈 |
| Chinese | 歐洲山毛櫸 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
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Asia-temperate click to expand
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Caucasus
- North Caucasus
- Transcaucasus
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Western Asia
- Turkey
-
Caucasus
-
Europe click to expand
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Eastern Europe
- Baltic States
- East European Russia
- Krym
- South European Russia
- Ukraine
-
Middle Europe
- Austria
- Belgium
- Czechoslovakia
- Germany
- Hungary
- Netherlands
- Poland
- Switzerland
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Northern Europe
- Denmark
- Great Britain
- Norway
- Sweden
-
Southeastern Europe
- Albania
- Bulgaria
- Greece
- Italy
- Romania
- Sicilia
- Turkey-in-Europe
- Yugoslavia
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Southwestern Europe
- Corse
- France
- Spain
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Eastern Europe
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Northern America click to expand
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Northeastern U.S.A.
- New York
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Northeastern U.S.A.
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000966507 |
| UNII | SWI8UOC4GS |
| Cornell Woody Plants | 94 |
| Canadensys | 5958 |
| USDA Plants | FASY |
| UConn | 174 |
| Tropicos | 13100405 |
| INPN | 97947 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:305836-2 |
| The Plant List | kew-83891 |
| Plantarium | 15877 |
| Missouri Botanical Garden | 280764 |
| PFAF | Fagus sylvatica |
| Open Tree Of Life | 774712 |
| Observations.org | 6776 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 28930 |
| NBN Atlas | NBNSYS0000003840 |
| Nature Serve | 2.155879 |
| IUCN Red List | 62004722 |
| IPNI | 305836-2 |
| iNaturalist | 54227 |
| IFPNI | CB51DF8A-B3CA-3EF7-66FE-49F04D578576 |
| GBIF | 2882316 |
| Freebase | /m/028hl1 |
| EPPO | FAUSY |
| EOL | 1143547 |
| Elurikkus | 4737 |
| US Library of Congress | sh85045790 |
| USDA GRIN | 16557 |
| Wikipedia | Fagus_sylvatica |
| PaleoBotany | 87629 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
| Accession | Assembly | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Level | Submitter | Released | Coverage | Size | |
| GCA_964211995.1 | dhFagSylv1.hap1.1 | Chromosome | WELLCOME SANGER INSTITUTE | 2024-08-02 | 46 | 461.76 Mb |
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
| Title | Authors | Publication | Released | IDs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifying the generalizable controls on insect associations of native and non‐native trees | Gougherty AV, Klapwijk M, Liebhold AM, Mech A, Trombik J, Fei S | Ecol Evol | 12-May-2024 |
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| A dataset of 40’000 trees with section-wise measured stem diameter and branch volume from across Switzerland | Didion M, Herold A, Thürig E, Topuz S, Vulovic Z, Abegg M, Nitzsche J, Stillhard J, Glatthorn J | Sci Data | 09-May-2024 |
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| Co-located ecological data for exploring top- and subsoil carbon dynamics across grassland-woodland contrasts | Reinsch S, Lebron I, Brentegani M, Brooks M, Busi SB, Cagnarini C, Cooper D, Day J, Emmett BA, Fitos E, Goodall T, Griffiths R, Jones B, Keenan P, Keith A, Lopes-Mazzetto JM, Mason KE, Pallett D, Pereira MG, Pinder A, Robinson DA, Smart SM, Thomas A, Benham S, Vanguelova E, Cosby BJ | Sci Data | 09-May-2024 |
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| The association of protein-bound methionine sulfoxide with proteomic basis for aging in beech seeds | Kalemba EM, Gevaert K, Impens F, Dufour S, Czerwoniec A | BMC Plant Biol | 08-May-2024 |
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| Phytohormone profiling in an evolutionary framework | Schmidt V, Skokan R, Depaepe T, Kurtović K, Haluška S, Vosolsobě S, Vaculíková R, Pil A, Dobrev PI, Motyka V, Van Der Straeten D, Petrášek J | Nat Commun | 08-May-2024 |
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| Commodity risk assessment of Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos plants from the UK | Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P | EFSA J | 03-May-2024 |
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| Genomic prediction of resistance to Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) populations | Meger J, Ulaszewski B, Pałucka M, Kozioł C, Burczyk J | Evol Appl | 03-May-2024 |
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| Long-term, medium-term and acute stress response of urban populations of Eurasian red squirrels affected by different levels of human disturbance | Beliniak A, Gryz J, Klich D, Łopucki R, Sadok I, Ożga K, Jasińska KD, Ścibior A, Gołębiowska D, Krauze-Gryz D | PLoS One | 03-May-2024 |
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| Estimation of contemporary effective population size in plant populations: Limitations of genomic datasets | Gargiulo R, Decroocq V, González‐Martínez SC, Paz‐Vinas I, Aury J, Lesur Kupin I, Plomion C, Schmitt S, Scotti I, Heuertz M | Evol Appl | 03-May-2024 |
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| Phytochemicals from Bark Extracts and Their Applicability in the Synthesis of Thermosetting Polymers: An Overview | Szmechtyk T, Małecka M | Materials (Basel) | 30-Apr-2024 |
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| High-resolution early warning system for human Puumala hantavirus infection risk in Germany | Kazasidis O, Geduhn A, Jacob J | Sci Rep | 26-Apr-2024 |
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| Adaptive monitoring in action—what drives arthropod diversity and composition in central European beech forests? | Keye C, Schmidt M, Roschak C, Dorow WH, Hartung V, Pauls SU, Schneider A, Ammer C, Zeller L, Meyer P | Environ Monit Assess | 24-Apr-2024 |
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| Manganese dioxide-coated biocarbon for integrated adsorption-photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde in indoor conditions | Zouari M, Hribernik S, Marrot L, Tzolov M, DeVallance DB | Heliyon | 24-Apr-2024 |
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| The microbiota characterizing huge carbonatic moonmilk structures and its correlation with preserved organic matter | Ghezzi D, Jiménez-Morillo NT, Foschi L, Donini E, Chiarini V, De Waele J, Miller AZ, Cappelletti M | Environ Microbiome | 24-Apr-2024 |
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| Simple, inexpensive, and rapid approach to detect changes in the structure of soil free-living nematodes | Semprucci F, Catani L, Grassi E, Jakubcsiková M, Čerevková A | Helminthologia | 23-Apr-2024 |
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |