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Carpinus betulus

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID6440296dac9fa961429465
Scientific name Carpinus betulus
Authority L.
First published in Sp. Pl. : 998 (1753)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Carpinus betulus (hornbeam) produces a dense, fine-grained wood that is valued in specialty woodworking and as a fuel. It is commonly managed by coppicing, and material is also sourced from mature trees during thinnings. Hornbeam is frequently used for fuelwood and charcoal production, as its high specific gravity contributes to high calorific output. The wood’s hardness and toughness suit tool handles, mallets, sporting goods (e.g., mallets and batons), and brush backs; in furniture it is employed for turned items and solid stock where durability is required. It serves as a pulpwood for kraft and sulfite pulping and as a raw material for particleboard and fiberboard.

Properties relevant to use include the species’ relatively high density, fine and even texture, and good dimensional stability after drying; these characteristics enable machining to fine surfaces, good nail/screw holding, and strength where impact resistance is important.

Standards and regulation:
Timber products are subject to general forest-product standards and national grading rules for solid wood and engineered panels; sustainable sourcing is verified under schemes such as FSC and PEFC where applied.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Most commercial material comes from coppice rotations and thinning operations within European forestry. Because trees regenerate by stump sprouting and recruit naturally in mixed stands, hornbeam can be harvested repeatedly without replanting, reducing establishment inputs. The species regenerates under shade, facilitating integration into continuous-cover forestry systems.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Carpinus betulus var. quercifolia (Desf.) Tzvelev Fl. Vostochnoĭ Evropy 11: 91. 2004
Carpinus betulus f. quercifolia Desf. Tabl. École Bot. 213. 1804
Carpinus betulus var. carpinizza (Kil.) Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur. 663 1881
Carpinus betulus var. provincialis Gay ex Gren. & Godr. Fl. France 3: 121. 1855
Carpinus betulus f. cucullata H.J.P.Winkl. Pflanzenr. IV, 61: 31 1904
Carpinus betulus f. horizontalis Simon-Louis Preisverw. Herbst 1902-1903: ? 1902
Carpinus betulus f. incisa Aiton Hort. Kew. 3: 362. 1789
Carpinus betulus f. obtusifolia Petz. & G.Kirchn. Arbor. Muscav. 667 1864
Carpinus betulus var. pendula Petz. & G.Kirchn. Arbor. Muscav. 667 1864
Carpinus betulus f. purpurea Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 140 1891
Carpinus betulus f. pyramidalis Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 140 1891
Carpinus betulus f. variegata Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 140 1891
Carpinus carpinizza Kil. Fl. Austriac. 2: 626 (1831)
Carpinus caucasica Grossh. Izv. Azerbaidzhansk. Fil. 1940(5): 34 (1940)
Carpinus compressus Gilib. Exerc. Phyt. 2: 399 (1792)
Carpinus intermedia Wierzb. ex Rchb. Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 12: 4 (1850)
Carpinus nervata Dulac Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées : 141 (1867)
Carpinus quercifolia Desf. ex Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 1: 300 (1840)
Carpinus sepium Lam. Fl. Franç. 2: 212 (1779)
Carpinus ulmifolia St.-Lag. Étude Fl., ed. 8 [A. Cariot] 2: 742. 1889
Carpinus ulmifolia Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 392 (1796)
Carpinus ulmoides Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 245 (1821 publ. 1822)
Carpinus vulgaris Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 1 (1768)
Carpinus betulus var. serrata Beck Fl. Nieder-Osterreich 266. 1890
Carpinus betulus subsp. serrata (Beck) O.Schwarz Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 96. 1949 (1949)
Carpinus betulus subsp. carpinizza (Kil.) O.Schwarz Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 96. 1949 (1949)
Carpinus pendula Massé Rev. Hort. (Paris) 1853: 271 (1853)
Carpinus betulus var. columnaris Beissn. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 1899: 133 (1899)
Carpinus betulus var. fastigiata G.Nicholson Garden (London, 1871-1927) 24: 419 (1883)
Carpinus betulus var. typica Koehne Deut. Dendrol. : 116 (1893)
Carpinus betulus var. obtusifolia G.Kirchn. Arbor. Muscav. : 667 (1864)
Carpinus betulus f. purpurea K.Koch Dendrologie 2(2): 3 (1873)
Carpinus betulus var. quercifolia A.DC. Prodr. 16(2): 126 (1864)
Carpinus betulus var. carpinizza (Kil.) Neilr. Nachtr. Maly Enum. : 76 (1861)
Carpinus betulus f. columnaris (Beissn.) Späth ex Schelle Handb. Laubholzben. : 48 (1903)
Carpinus betulus f. fastigiata (G.Nicholson) Schelle Handb. Laubholzben. : 48 (1903)
Carpinus betulus f. albovariegata C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 140 (1940)
Carpinus betulus f. aureovariegata C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 140 (1940)
Carpinus betulus f. incisa (Aiton) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 140 (1904)
Carpinus betulus f. quercifolia (A.DC.) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 140 (1904)
Carpinus betulus f. pendula (Massé) H.J.P.Winkl. Pflanzenr. , IV, 61: 31 (1904)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English caucasian hornbeam
English hornbeam
English european hornbeam
English common hornbeam
Spanish carpinus intermedia
Spanish carpinus caucasica
Spanish carpinus betulus var. typica
Spanish carpinus vulgaris
Spanish carpinus ulmifolia
Spanish carpinus ulmoides
Spanish carpe blanco
Spanish haya de espalleres
Arabic شرد قضباني
Belarusian Граб звычайны
Belarusian Граб еўрапейскі
Bulgarian обикновен габър
Bulgarian Обикновен габър
br faou-put
Czech habr obecný
Welsh oestrwydden
Danish almindelig avnbøg
Danish avnbøg
German weissbuche
German weißbuche
German hornbaum
German hagebuche
German gewöhnliche hainbuche
German gemeine hainbuche
German hainbuche
Greek Γαύρος (δέντρο)
Esperanto eŭropa karpeno
Estonian harilik valgepöök
Basque xarma arrunt
Persian شرمدار
Persian ممرز
Finnish euroopanvalkopyökki
Finnish valkopyökki
French charme commun
French charme fastigié
frr witjbööke
Galician carpe
glk ممرز
Hebrew אלה לבנה
Croatian obični grab
Croatian grab
Upper Sorbian wšědny hrab
Hungarian közönséges gyertyán
Icelandic agnbeyki
Italian carpino bianco
Japanese セイヨウシデ
Georgian კავკასიური რცხილა
lb hobuch
lb hobich
Lithuanian paprastasis skroblas
ltg parostais skroblys
Latvian eiropas skābardis
Latvian baltais skābardis
Latvian parastais skābardis
Macedonian обичен габер
Macedonian Обичен габер
mzn مرز دار
Norwegian Bokmål agnbøk
Dutch helzenteer
Dutch hesselteer
Dutch wielboom
Dutch steenbeuk
Dutch haagbeuk
Dutch jukbeuk
Norwegian Nynorsk agnbøk
Polish grab zwyczajny
Polish grab pospolity
Romansh charpin
Romanian carpen
Russian Граб обыкновенный
Russian Граб европейский
Russian Граб кавказский
Samogitian skruobla
Serbo-Croatian obični grab
Slovak hrab obyčajný
Slovenian beli gaber
Albanian shkoza e bardhë
Serbian Граб
Swedish avenbok
Swedish annbok
Turkish adi gürgen
Ukrainian Граб звичайний
Ukrainian Граб
Uzbek oddiy shoxterak
Walloon tchårnea ordinaire
Chinese 欧洲鹅耳枥
Chinese 歐洲角樹

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Maintain seeds at 20°C for 3 months, then transfer to 4°C for another 3 months.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-temperate
    • Caucasus
      • North Caucasus
      • Transcaucasus
    • Western Asia
      • Iran
      • Turkey
  • Europe
    • Eastern Europe
      • Baltic States
      • Belarus
      • Central European Russia
      • South European Russia
      • Ukraine
    • Middle Europe
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Czechoslovakia
      • Germany
      • Hungary
      • Netherlands
      • Poland
      • Switzerland
    • Northern Europe
      • Denmark
      • Great Britain
      • Norway
      • Sweden
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Albania
      • Bulgaria
      • Greece
      • Italy
      • Romania
      • Turkey-in-Europe
      • Yugoslavia
    • Southwestern Europe
      • France
      • Spain

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000804581
UNII 7TZA0YO6QR
Cornell Woody Plants 42
USDA Plants CABE8
UConn 83
Tropicos 3600034
INPN 89200
Flora of Italy 253
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295248-1
The Plant List kew-34291
Missouri Botanical Garden 277824
PaleoBotany 115634
Open Tree Of Life 466468
Observations.org 6562
NCBI Taxonomy 12990
NBN Atlas NBNSYS0000003838
Nature Serve 2.153241
IUCN Red List 194274
IPNI 295248-1
iNaturalist 55801
GBIF 2875818
Freebase /m/047bpv
EPPO CIPBE
EOL 1148643
Elurikkus 3474
US Library of Congress sh85045828
USDA GRIN 9196
Wikipedia Carpinus_betulus
Plantarium 9173
PFAF Carpinus betulus

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCA_977014995.1 dhCarBetu1.hap8.1 Chromosome WELLCOME SANGER INSTITUTE 2025-10-31 92 350.22 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Commodity risk assessment of Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos plants from the UK Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P EFSA J 03-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11066761
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8803
PMID:38707495
Long-term, medium-term and acute stress response of urban populations of Eurasian red squirrels affected by different levels of human disturbance Beliniak A, Gryz J, Klich D, Łopucki R, Sadok I, Ożga K, Jasińska KD, Ścibior A, Gołębiowska D, Krauze-Gryz D PLoS One 03-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11068185
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302933
PMID:38701075
Cryopreservation and Rapid Recovery of Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Cells at Complex Transwell Interfaces Is Enabled by Chemically Induced Ice Nucleation Bissoyi A, Gao Y, Tomás RM, Kinney NL, Whale TF, Guo Q, Gibson MI ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 26-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11082836
doi:10.1021/acsami.4c03931
PMID:38671549
The microbiota characterizing huge carbonatic moonmilk structures and its correlation with preserved organic matter Ghezzi D, Jiménez-Morillo NT, Foschi L, Donini E, Chiarini V, De Waele J, Miller AZ, Cappelletti M Environ Microbiome 24-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11040949
doi:10.1186/s40793-024-00562-9
PMID:38659019
Concordance of multigene genealogy along with morphological evidence unveils five novel species and two new records of boletoid mushrooms (fungi) from India Das K, Ghosh A, Datta S, Singh U, Chakraborty D, Tudu D, Vizzini A Sci Rep 23-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11039468
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59781-2
PMID:38654032
Insect and spider biodiversity: A dataset of mountainous wetland sites in Aspromonte National Park (Calabria, southern Italy) Bonsignore CP, Castiglione E, Manti F Data Brief 18-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11068519
doi:10.1016/j.dib.2024.110435
PMID:38708310
The influence of climate change on the future distribution of two Thymus species in Iran: MaxEnt model-based prediction Hosseini N, Ghorbanpour M, Mostafavi H BMC Plant Biol 11-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11007882
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-04965-1
PMID:38605338
Does lower water availability limit stem CO2 efflux of oak and hornbeam coppices? Darenova E, Knott R, Vichta T AoB Plants 05-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11025467
doi:10.1093/aobpla/plae023
PMID:38638333
Metabolic niches in the rhizosphere microbiome: dependence on soil horizons, root traits and climate variables in forest ecosystems Maitra P, Hrynkiewicz K, Szuba A, Jagodziński AM, Al-Rashid J, Mandal D, Mucha J Front Plant Sci 05-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11026606
doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1344205
PMID:38645395
Stress response of fire salamander larvae differs between habitat types Schulte L, Oswald P, Mühlenhaupt M, Ossendorf E, Kruse S, Kaiser S, Caspers BA R Soc Open Sci 03-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC10987980
doi:10.1098/rsos.231304
PMID:38577214
Habitat Degradation Facilitates the Invasion of Neophytes: A Resurvey Study Based on Permanent Vegetation Plots in Oak Forests in Slovenia (Europe) Kermavnar J, Kutnar L Plants (Basel) 27-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC11013422
doi:10.3390/plants13070962
PMID:38611491
Importance of Habitat Context in Modelling Risk Maps for Two Established Invasive Alien Plant Species: The Case of Ailanthus altissima and Phytolacca americana in Slovenia (Europe) de Groot M, Kozamernik E, Kermavnar J, Kolšek M, Marinšek A, Nève Repe A, Kutnar L Plants (Basel) 19-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10974566
doi:10.3390/plants13060883
PMID:38592890
Commodity risk assessment of Ligustrum ovalifolium and Ligustrum vulgare plants from the UK Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P EFSA J 07-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10918603
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8648
PMID:38455154
Stable water isotopes reveal the onset of bud dormancy in temperate trees, whereas water content is a better proxy for dormancy release Walde MG, Wenden B, Chuine I, Gessler A, Saurer M, Vitasse Y Tree Physiol 28-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC11016847
doi:10.1093/treephys/tpae028
PMID:38417929
Water loss after stomatal closure: quantifying leaf minimum conductance and minimal water use in nine temperate European tree species during a severe drought Wang S, Hoch G, Grun G, Kahmen A Tree Physiol 27-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10993720
doi:10.1093/treephys/tpae027
PMID:38412116

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
Ellagic Acid 5281855 Click to see 302.19 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19062440805

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