Amaranthus hybridus in Genus Amaranthus

Details Top

Internal ID	UUID644008bf36e6c704272768
Scientific name	Amaranthus hybridus
Authority	L.
First published in	Sp. Pl. : 990 (1753)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Fresh and cooked leafy greens used as a vegetable.
- Grain harvested as a dry seed, milled into gluten‑free flour.
- Seed oil used for cooking and frying.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
- Leaves are eaten raw in salads or cooked in stir‑fries, soups, and side dishes.
- Seeds are milled into flour for breads, porridges, and baked goods; popped seeds are a snack.
- Seed oil is used for frying and other culinary applications.

Colorants and tanning:
- Leaves and stems contain betalain pigments (betanin, isobetanin) that give red‑purple aqueous extracts.
- These extracts are used as natural food colorants (E163) and as textile dyes for protein fibers such as wool and silk.

Scientific/model organism use:
- Amaranthus hybridus serves as a model for C₄ photosynthesis, genome evolution, and rapid growth; it has a small diploid genome and a short life cycle, making it suitable for genetic and molecular studies.
- It is included in plant‑genomics databases as a reference for Amaranthaceae.

Properties relevant to use:
- Betalains are water‑soluble, stable at neutral to slightly acidic pH, and retain color under light and heat.
- Seed flour is protein‑rich (≈13–16 % of dry weight) with a balanced essential‑amino‑acid profile and ~50 % amylose, which supports good baking quality.
- Seed oil is high in unsaturated fatty acids (≈55 % linoleic, 20 % oleic) with low saturated fat, an iodine value around 125 g I₂/100 g, and a peroxide value below 5 meq O₂/kg, indicating good oxidative stability.

Standards and regulation:
- The Codex Alimentarius standard for amaranth grain (CODEX STAN 302‑2018) specifies moisture, foreign matter, and protein content.
- Betanin is approved as a food colorant (E163) in EU Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 and analogous national regulations.
- Seed oil for food or cosmetic use must meet national edible‑oil specifications (e.g., ISO 659) and cosmetic ingredient listings (EU Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009).

Sustainability and sourcing:
- A. hybridus is a short‑season crop (≈90 days to seed maturity) that tolerates drought and marginal soils, yielding ≈10–20 t ha⁻¹ fresh leaves and 0.5–1.0 t ha⁻¹ seed under low‑input conditions.
- Its rapid growth and low‑fertility tolerance make it suitable for rotations and intercropping, providing grain and potential bio‑energy feedstock.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Amaranthus aureus	hort. ex Moq.	Prodr. 13(2): 259 (1849)
Amaranthus batalleri	Sennen	Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 32: 111 (1932)
Amaranthus bellardii	hort. ex Moq.	Prodr. 13(2): 259 (1849)
Amaranthus berchtholdii	Moq.	Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(2): 257. 1849 [5 May 1849]
Amaranthus catechu	Moq.	Prodr. 13(2): 259 1849
Amaranthus chlorostachys	Willd.	Hist. Amaranth. : 34 (1790)
Amaranthus cruentus var. patulus	(Bertol.) Lambinon	Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 47: 247 (1977)
Amaranthus eugenii	Sennen	Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 32: 111 (1932)
Amaranthus flavescens	hort. ex Moq.	Prodr. 13(2): 259 (1849)
Amaranthus hecticus	Willd.	Hist. Amaranth. : 25 (1790)
Amaranthus hybridus f. aciculatus	Thell.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 5(1): 238 1914
Amaranthus hybridus var. batalleri	(Sennen) Carretero	Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 11: 129 (1979)
Amaranthus hybridus var. bellardii	Moq.	Prodr. 13(2): 259 (1849)
Amaranthus hybridus var. chlorostachys	Thell.	Fl. Advent. Montpellier 205. 1912
Amaranthus hybridus var. densus	Farw.	Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 175 (1918)
Amaranthus hybridus var. hecticus	(Willd.) Moq.	Prodr. 13(2): 260 (1849)
Amaranthus hybridus subsp. incurvatus	(Timeroy ex Gren. & Godr.) Brenan	Watsonia 4: 268 (1961)
Amaranthus hybridus var. laetus	(Willd.) Moq.	Prodr. 13(2): 259 (1849)
Amaranthus hybridus var. prostratus	Moq.	Prodr. 13(2): 260 (1849)
Amaranthus hybridus var. rubricaulis	Moq.	Prodr. 13(2): 259 (1849)
Amaranthus hybridus var. sanguineus	Farw.	Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 175 (1918)
Amaranthus incurvatus	Gren. & Godr.	Prosp. Fl. Fr. 8.
Amaranthus intermedius	Guss. ex Moq.	Prodr. 13(2): 259 (1849)
Amaranthus laetus	Willd.	Hist. Amaranth. : 28 (1790)
Amaranthus laxiflorus	Comell. ex Poll.	Fl. Veron. 3: 114 (1824)
Amaranthus neglectus	hort. ex Moq.	Prodr. 13(2): 259 (1849)
Amaranthus nepalensis	Cat.	Hort. Lugd. (1836); ex Moq. in DC. Prod. xii. II. 259.
Amaranthus paniculatus var. sanguineus	Regel
Amaranthus patulus	Bertol.	Comm. Neap. : 171 (1837)
Amaranthus pseudoretroflexus	(Thell.) Almq.	Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 1: 538 (1929)
Amaranthus spicatus	Rchb.	Fl. Germ. Excurs. 585.
Amaranthus timeroyi	Jord. ex Moq.	Prodr. 13(2): 259 (1849)
Amaranthus trivialis	Rota	Giorn. Bot. Ital. 2(2): 287 (1846)
Galliaria hybrida	Nieuwl.	Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 278 (1914)
Galliaria patula	Bubani	Fl. Pyren. 1: 187 (1897)
Amaranthus patulus f. multispiculatus	(Sennen) Priszter	Kert. Szolesz. Foisk. Evk. 2(2): 155 1953
Amaranthus patulus var. multispiculatus	Sennen	Unknown
Amaranthus chlorostachys var. hybridus	(L.) S.Watson	Manual ed. 6: 428 1890
Amaranthus retroflexus var. chlorostachys	(Willd.) A.Gray	Manual ed. 5: 412 1867
Amaranthus retroflexus var. hybridus	(L.) A.Gray	Manual ed. 5: 412 1867
Amaranthus hybridus var. chlorostachys	(Willd.) Thell.	Fl. Adv. Montpellier 205 1912

Common names Top

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Language	Common/alternative name
English	smooth pigweed
English	spleen amaranth
English	smooth amaranth
English	slim amaranth
English	red amaranth
English	green amaranth
English	amaranth pigweed
English	pigweed
Afrikaans	misbredie
Afrikaans	sprinkaanbossie
Afrikaans	wilde-aartappelbos
Arabic	قطية مختلطة المولد
Arabic	قطيفة هجينة
Czech	laskavec rozkladitý
Welsh	blodyn amor gwyrdd
German	grünähriger fuchsschwanz
Estonian	värd-rebashein
Finnish	viljarevonhäntä
French	amarante hybride
French	amarante verte
Indonesian	bayam tahun
Indonesian	bayam kakap
Japanese	ホソアオゲイトウ
Japanese	ムラサキアオゲイトウ
Georgian	წითელი ჯიჯლაყა
Dutch	franse amarant en basterdamarant
Dutch	franse en basterdamarant
Dutch	groene amarant
Polish	szarłat prosty
st	theepe-ea-bokoni
Swedish	grönamarant
xh	umtyutyu
xh	unumdlomboyi
Chinese	緑穗莧
Chinese	绿穗苋
Chinese	老枪谷子
Chinese	綠穗莧
Zulu	isheke
Zulu	imbuya

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Amaranthus hybridus subsp. quitensis	(Kunth) Costea & Carretero	Sida 19: 955 (2001)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

protect from damping off

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
  - Uganda
- Macaronesia
  - Azores
  - Canary Islands
  - Cape Verde
  - Madeira
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Chad
  - Eritrea
  - Ethiopia
  - Sudan
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Egypt
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia
- South Tropical Africa
  - Angola
  - Malawi
  - Zambia
  - Zimbabwe
- Southern Africa
  - Botswana
  - Cape Provinces
  - Free State
  - Kwazulu-Natal
  - Lesotho
  - Namibia
  - Northern Provinces
  - Swaziland
- West Tropical Africa
  - Benin
  - Burkina
  - Gambia
  - Ghana
  - Guinea
  - Ivory Coast
  - Liberia
  - Mali
  - Nigeria
  - Senegal
  - Sierra Leone
  - Togo
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Cameroon
  - Central African Republic
  - Congo
  - Gabon
  - Gulf Of Guinea Islands
  - Rwanda
  - Zaïre
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Comoros
  - Mauritius
  - Réunion

Antarctica click to expand
- Subantarctic Islands
  - Tristan Da Cunha

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Gulf States
  - Oman
  - Saudi Arabia
  - Yemen
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- China
  - China North-central
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
- Eastern Asia
  - Japan
  - Korea
  - Nansei-shoto
- Russian Far East
  - Primorye
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan
  - Cyprus
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Iran
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Sinai
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - East Himalaya
  - India
  - Nepal
  - Pakistan
  - Sri Lanka
  - West Himalaya
- Indo-China
  - Cambodia
  - Laos
  - Thailand
  - Vietnam

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - New South Wales
  - Northern Territory
  - Queensland
  - South Australia
  - Victoria
  - Western Australia

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Krym
  - North European Russia
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Great Britain
  - Ireland
  - Norway
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Kriti
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares
  - Corse
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - Nova Scotia
  - Ontario
  - Québec
- Mexico
  - Mexico Central
  - Mexico Gulf
  - Mexico Northeast
  - Mexico Northwest
  - Mexico Southeast
  - Mexico Southwest
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Minnesota
  - Missouri
  - Nebraska
  - North Dakota
  - Oklahoma
  - South Dakota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - Vermont
  - West Virginia
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Montana
  - Oregon
  - Washington
- South-central U.S.A.
  - New Mexico
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Arkansas
  - Delaware
  - District Of Columbia
  - Florida
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - Mississippi
  - North Carolina
  - South Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - Arizona
  - California
  - Nevada
- Western Canada
  - British Columbia
  - Manitoba

Pacific click to expand
- North-central Pacific
  - Hawaii

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil North
  - Brazil Northeast
  - Brazil South
  - Brazil Southeast
  - Brazil West-central
- Caribbean
  - Bahamas
  - Bermuda
  - Cuba
  - Dominican Republic
  - Leeward Islands
- Central America
  - Belize
  - Costa Rica
  - El Salvador
  - Guatemala
  - Honduras
  - Nicaragua
  - Panamá
- Northern South America
  - Venezuela
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
  - Argentina Northwest
  - Argentina South
  - Chile Central
  - Chile North
  - Chile South
  - Juan Fernández Islands
  - Paraguay
  - Uruguay
- Western South America
  - Bolivia
  - Colombia
  - Ecuador
  - Galápagos
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000530251
UNII	93SUW360JM
Florida Plant Atlas	1720
Canadensys	2503
USDA Plants	AMHY
Tropicos	1100008
INPN	81992
Flora of Italy	11876
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:10648-2
The Plant List	kew-2632871
Open Tree Of Life	317810
Observations.org	18812
NCBI Taxonomy	3565
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000003085
Nature Serve	2.138060
IPNI	10648-2
iNaturalist	75395
GBIF	5384364
Freebase	/m/0872b5
WisFlora	2497
EPPO	AMACH
EOL	585511
Elurikkus	2715
Calflora (Californian flora)	280
USDA GRIN	2795
Wikipedia	Amaranthus_hybridus
PFAF	Amaranthus hybridus

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_048406975.1	ASM4840697v1	Chromosome	International Weed Genomics Consortium	2025-03-05	30	413.46 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Antimicrobial, Herbicidal and pesticidal potential of Tunisian eucalyptus species: Chemoprofiling and biological evaluation

Khedhri S, Polito F, Caputo L, Khammassi M, Dhaouadi F, Amri I, Hamrouni L, Mabrouk Y, Fratianni F, Nazzaro F, De Feo V

Heliyon

24-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11076916
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29905
PMID:	38720723

Amaranthus hybridus waste solid biofuel: comparative and machine learning studies

Bamisaye A, Ige AR, Adegoke KA, Adegoke IA, Bamidele MO, Alli YA, Adeleke O, Idowu MA

RSC Adv

10-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11004732
doi:	10.1039/d3ra08378k
PMID:	38601704

Physiological and molecular insights into the allelopathic effects on agroecosystems under changing environmental conditions

Kumar N, Singh H, Giri K, Kumar A, Joshi A, Yadav S, Singh R, Bisht S, Kumari R, Jeena N, Khairakpam R, Mishra G

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

06-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11018569
doi:	10.1007/s12298-024-01440-x
PMID:	38633277

Incidence of grass and weed sensitization in Bangkok, Thailand: a clinical study

Aud-in S, Juprasong Y, Pinkaew B, Talek K, Tantilipikorn P, Songnuan W

Front Public Health

28-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11007029
doi:	10.3389/fpubh.2024.1301095
PMID:	38605873

Channel Attention GAN-Based Synthetic Weed Generation for Precise Weed Identification

Li T, Asai M, Kato Y, Fukano Y, Guo W

Plant Phenomics

28-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10981930
doi:	10.34133/plantphenomics.0122
PMID:	38560380

Cross-cultural ethnobotany of the Baltis and Shinas in the Kharmang district, Trans-Himalaya India-Pakistan border

Hussain B, Abbas Z, Alam J, Harun N, Khan SM, Ahmad Z, Han H, Yoo S, Raposo A

Heliyon

27-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10998220
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28613
PMID:	38586350

Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis of Five Amaranthaceae Species Reveals a Large Amount of Repeat Content

Singh A, Maurya A, Rajkumar S, Singh AK, Bhardwaj R, Kaushik SK, Kumar S, Singh K, Singh GP, Singh R

Plants (Basel)

13-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10975975
doi:	10.3390/plants13060824
PMID:	38592842

Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Dibatie district, Metekel zone, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, western Ethiopia

Anbessa B, Lulekal E, Getachew P, Hymete A

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

27-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10900549
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00671-2
PMID:	38413982

Synergistic interactions of assorted ameliorating agents to enhance the potential of heavy metal phytoremediation

Sanjana S, Jazeel K, Janeeshma E, Nair SG, Shackira AM

Stress Biol

16-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10873264
doi:	10.1007/s44154-024-00153-1
PMID:	38363436

Strain-specific features of Pleurotus ostreatus growth in vitro and some of its biological activities

Krupodorova T, Barshteyn V, Tsygankova V, Sevindik M, Blume Y

BMC Biotechnol

08-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10851480
doi:	10.1186/s12896-024-00834-9
PMID:	38331794

Re-identification of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Species Complex Isolates in Korea and Their Host Plants

Thao LD, Choi H, Choi Y, Mageswari A, Lee D, Kim DH, Shin HD, Choi H, Ju HJ, Hong SB

Plant Pathol J

01-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10850535
doi:	10.5423/PPJ.OA.09.2023.0133
PMID:	38326955

Influence of β-Ionone in the Phytotoxicity of the Rhizome of Iris pallida Lam

Sothearith Y, Appiah KS, Sophea C, Smith J, Samal S, Motobayashi T, Fujii Y

Plants (Basel)

22-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10819377
doi:	10.3390/plants13020326
PMID:	38276783

Weed biology and management in the multi-omics era: Progress and perspectives

Chen K, Yang H, Wu D, Peng Y, Lian L, Bai L, Wang L

Plant Commun

12-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC11009161
doi:	10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100816
PMID:	38219012

Prevalence of and risk factors for iron deficiency among pregnant women with moderate or severe anaemia in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Babah OA, Akinajo OR, Beňová L, Hanson C, Abioye AI, Adaramoye VO, Adeyemo TA, Balogun MR, Banke-Thomas A, Galadanci HS, Sam-Agudu NA, Afolabi BB, Larsson EC

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

05-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10768359
doi:	10.1186/s12884-023-06169-1
PMID:	38182997

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and Amaranthus hybridus L.: Ancestral Andean Food Security and Modern Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity

Romero-Benavides JC, Guaraca-Pino E, Duarte-Casar R, Rojas-Le-Fort M, Bailon-Moscoso N

Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

15-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10747716
doi:	10.3390/ph16121728
PMID:	38139854

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Very long-chain fatty acids
Lignoceric Acid	11197	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O	368.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02541498
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
Delta7-Avenasterol	12795736	Click to see CC=C(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2=CCC4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740580210
Stigmasterol	5280794	Click to see	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02541498

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Amaranthus hybridus

Table of Contents

Details Top

Ethnobotanical Use Top

General Uses Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Gallery Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top