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Warburgia salutaris

Warburgia salutaris - Unknown
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Author: Public Domain - WikiMedia
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Table of Contents

Details
Description
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Biological Material
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID643ffb94b79e0528052950
Scientific name Warburgia salutaris
Authority (G.Bertol.) Chiov.
First published in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. , n.s., 44: 683 (1937)

Description Top

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Warburgia salutaris, also known as the pepper-bark tree, is a species of tree found in eastern and southern Africa. It is threatened by habitat loss and overharvesting for its medicinal properties. The tree is protected in South Africa and efforts are being made to propagate it in controlled conditions and plant it in the wild. It can grow up to 20 meters tall and has aromatic, lance-shaped leaves and yellow-green flowers. The fruit is a leathery purple or black berry. The leaves are used to add a peppery flavor to food and tea, and the bark and leaves contain iridoids which give them a bitter taste. The wood is also used for firewood and the tree is known for its attractive appearance and ability to provide shade. In traditional medicine, the tree is used by the Maasai people to treat malaria and respiratory complaints. The bark can be purchased at markets and is used to treat various ailments such as stomach-aches, coughs, and muscle pains.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Warburgia breyeri Pott Ann. Transvaal Mus. 6: 60 (1918)
Chibaca salutaris G.Bertol. Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna 4: 545 (1853)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English muranga
English pepper bark tree
English pepper-bark tree
Afrikaans peperbasboom
Afrikaans peperblaarboom
German pfefferborkenbaum
Persian واربرگیا سالوتاریس
Chinese 穆兰加十数樟
Chinese 穆蘭加十數樟

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • South Tropical Africa
      • Mozambique
      • Zimbabwe
    • Southern Africa
      • Kwazulu-Natal
      • Northern Provinces

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000427579
Tropicos 5600013
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:146036-1
The Plant List kew-2465886
PFAF Warburgia salutaris
Open Tree Of Life 499717
NCBI Taxonomy 132963
IUCN Red List 30364
IPNI 146036-1
iNaturalist 182206
GBIF 5603223
Freebase /m/02z00k9
EPPO WABSA
EOL 5035560
USDA GRIN 429699
Wikipedia Warburgia_salutaris

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Leaf extracts of eight selected southern African medicinal plants modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages Khumalo GP, Loa-Kum-Cheung W, Van Wyk BE, Feng Y, Cock IE Inflammopharmacology 04-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC11006729
doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01420-9
PMID:38310564
Plant Extracts as Skin Care and Therapeutic Agents Michalak M Int J Mol Sci 22-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10607442
doi:10.3390/ijms242015444
PMID:37895122
Genomic Evaluation of Coffea arabica and Its Wild Relative Coffea racemosa in Mozambique: Settling Resilience Keys for the Coffee Crop in the Context of Climate Change Tapaça ID, Mavuque L, Corti R, Pedrazzani S, Maquia IS, Tongai C, Partelli FL, Ramalho JC, Marques I, Ribeiro-Barros AI Plants (Basel) 20-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10220690
doi:10.3390/plants12102044
PMID:37653961
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by indigenous knowledge holders to manage healthcare needs in children Ndhlovu PT, Asong JA, Omotayo AO, Otang-Mbeng W, Aremu AO PLoS One 27-Mar-2023
PMCID:PMC10042359
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282113
PMID:36972257
Propagation of Medicinal Plants for Sustainable Livelihoods, Economic Development, and Biodiversity Conservation in South Africa Fajinmi OO, Olarewaju OO, Van Staden J Plants (Basel) 03-Mar-2023
PMCID:PMC10007054
doi:10.3390/plants12051174
PMID:36904034
Bioactive Molecules from Myrianthus arboreus, Acer rubrum, and Picea mariana Forest Resources García-Pérez ME, Kasangana PB, Stevanovic T Molecules 22-Feb-2023
PMCID:PMC10004429
doi:10.3390/molecules28052045
PMID:36903291
The role of selected flavonoids from bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) stem on cosmetic properties: A review Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar R, Suryanegara L, Fatriasari W, Tangke Arung E, Wijaya Kusuma I, Setiati Achmadi S, Izyan Wan Azelee N, Ain Abdul Hamid Z Saudi Pharm J 26-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC10071331
doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2023.01.006
PMID:37026052
An Inventory of Anthelmintic Plants across the Globe Ahmed H, Kilinc SG, Celik F, Kesik HK, Simsek S, Ahmad KS, Afzal MS, Farrakh S, Safdar W, Pervaiz F, Liaqat S, Zhang J, Cao J Pathogens 13-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC9866317
doi:10.3390/pathogens12010131
PMID:36678480
Natural Active Ingredients and TRPV1 Modulation: Focus on Key Chemical Moieties Involved in Ligand–Target Interaction Andrei C, Zanfirescu A, Nițulescu GM, Olaru OT, Negreș S Plants (Basel) 11-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC9860573
doi:10.3390/plants12020339
PMID:36679051
Plant as an Alternative Source of Antifungals against Aspergillus Infections: A Review Tan LF, Yap VL, Rajagopal M, Wiart C, Selvaraja M, Leong MY, Tan PL Plants (Basel) 08-Nov-2022
PMCID:PMC9697101
doi:10.3390/plants11223009
PMID:36432738
Euclea divinorum Hiern: Chemical Profiling of the Leaf Extract and Its Antioxidant Activity In Silico, In Vitro and in Caenorhabditis elegans Model Bogari HA, Rashied RM, Abdelfattah MA, Malatani RT, Khinkar RM, Hareeri RH, Wink M, Sobeh M Metabolites 27-Oct-2022
PMCID:PMC9696633
doi:10.3390/metabo12111031
PMID:36355114
The role of adjuvants in overcoming antibacterial resistance due to enzymatic drug modification El-Khoury C, Mansour E, Yuliandra Y, Lai F, Hawkins BA, Du JJ, Sundberg EJ, Sluis-Cremer N, Hibbs DE, Groundwater PW RSC Med Chem 22-Sep-2022
PMCID:PMC9667779
doi:10.1039/d2md00263a
PMID:36439977
Medicinal plants used for the management of respiratory diseases in Zimbabwe: Review and perspectives potential management of COVID-19 Nyagumbo E, Pote W, Shopo B, Nyirenda T, Chagonda I, Mapaya RJ, Maunganidze F, Mavengere WN, Mawere C, Mutasa I, Kademeteme E, Maroyi A, Taderera T, Bhebhe M Phys Chem Earth (2002) 21-Sep-2022
PMCID:PMC9489988
doi:10.1016/j.pce.2022.103232
PMID:36161239
Preliminary Phytochemical Composition and In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Olea africana against Mixed Gastrointestinal Worms in Dogs Orengo KO, Mbaria JM, Ndichu M, Jafred K, Okumu MO Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 16-Aug-2022
PMCID:PMC9398766
doi:10.1155/2022/5224527
PMID:36016686
In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of African Plants: A Review Canga I, Vita P, Oliveira AI, Castro MÁ, Pinho C Molecules 05-Aug-2022
PMCID:PMC9370645
doi:10.3390/molecules27154989
PMID:35956938

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
1-hydroxy-6,8a-dimethyl-5-methylidene-4a,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-naphthalene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde 325604 Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C1=C)CC=C(C2(C=O)O)C=O)C 248.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
Canellal 442346 Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C1=C)CC=C(C2(C=O)O)C=O)C 248.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00293-2
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones
(5aS,7S,9aS,9bS)-9b-hydroxy-7,9a-dimethyl-6-methylidene-1,5,5a,7,8,9-hexahydrobenzo[e][2]benzofuran-3-one 636559 Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C1=C)CC=C3C2(COC3=O)O)C 248.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
(9aS,9bS)-9b-hydroxy-7,9a-dimethyl-6-methylidene-1,5,5a,7,8,9-hexahydrobenzo[e][2]benzofuran-3-one 22297228 Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C1=C)CC=C3C2(COC3=O)O)C 248.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
9b-Hydroxy-7,9a-dimethyl-6-methylidene-1,5,5a,7,8,9-hexahydrobenzo[e][2]benzofuran-3-one 14707743 Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C1=C)CC=C3C2(COC3=O)O)C 248.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organic oxides
(1S,4aS,8aR)-5,5,8a-trimethyl-1,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde 6540834 Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C1CC=C(C2C=O)C=O)C)C 234.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
5,5,8a-Trimethyl-1,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde 5080908 Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C1CC=C(C2C=O)C=O)C)C 234.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
5,5,8a-Trimethyl-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde 145814 Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C1CCC(=C2C=O)C=O)C)C 234.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
Epipolygodial 667499 Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C1CC=C(C2C=O)C=O)C)C 234.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
Tadeonal 72503 Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C1CC=C(C2C=O)C=O)C)C 234.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Tertiary alcohols
(1S,4R,4aS,8aS)-1,4-dihydroxy-5,5,8a-trimethyl-4a,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-naphthalene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde 14313008 Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C1C(C=C(C2(C=O)O)C=O)O)C)C 266.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
1-hydroxy-5,5,8a-trimethyl-4a,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-naphthalene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde 3512331 Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C1CC=C(C2(C=O)O)C=O)C)C 250.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
1,4-dihydroxy-5,5,8a-trimethyl-4a,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-naphthalene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde 3504627 Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C1C(C=C(C2(C=O)O)C=O)O)C)C 266.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
Cinnamodial 442354 Click to see CC(=O)OC1C=C(C(C2(C1C(CCC2)(C)C)C)(C=O)O)C=O 308.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMC.2007.02.011
Cinnamodial B812927K060 321973 Click to see CC(=O)OC1C=C(C(C2(C1C(CCC2)(C)C)C)(C=O)O)C=O 308.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMC.2007.02.011
Mukaadial 159088 Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C1C(C=C(C2(C=O)O)C=O)O)C)C 266.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
Warburganal 72502 Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C1CC=C(C2(C=O)O)C=O)C)C 250.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00753-5
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthofurans
(1,9b-Dihydroxy-6,6,9a-trimethyl-3-oxo-1,5,5a,7,8,9-hexahydrobenzo[e][2]benzofuran-5-yl) acetate 73317191 Click to see CC(=O)OC1C=C2C(=O)OC(C2(C3(C1C(CCC3)(C)C)C)O)O 324.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMC.2007.02.011
11-Alpha-Hydroxycinnamosmolide 16739250 Click to see CC(=O)OC1C=C2C(=O)OC(C2(C3(C1C(CCC3)(C)C)C)O)O 324.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMC.2007.02.011

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