Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Hieracium sonchus	E.H.L.Krause	Deutschl. Fl. (Sturm), ed. 2. 14: 113 (t. 50) (1906)
Sonchus asper	All.	1786
Sonchus decipiens	Zenari	Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 1924, n. s. xxxi. 15
Sonchus schmidianus	K.Koch	Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1853(App.): 12 (1853)
Sonchus crocifolius	hort. ex Sch.Bip.	Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries 3(2; 2): 449 (1850)
Sonchus infestus	Poepp. ex DC.	Prodr. 7(1): 185 (1838)
Sonchus glaber	Thunb.	Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 139 (1800)
Sonchus fallax var. laevis	Wallr.	Sched. Crit. : 432 (1822)
Sonchus spinulosus	Bigelow	Fl. Boston., ed. 2 : 292 (1824)
Sonchus fallax var. asper	Wallr.	Sched. Crit. : 432 (1822)
Sonchus oleraceus var. laevis	L.
Sonchus fallax var. decipiens	De Not.	289 1844
Sonchus glaber	Gilib.	Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 242 (1782)
Sonchus spinulifolius	Sennen	Cat. Fl. Rif Orient. : 72 (1933)
Carduus amplexicaulis	Noronha	Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5: 11 (1790)
Sonchus macrotus	Fenzl	Flora 27: 312 (1844)
Sonchus asper var. inermis	Bisch.
Sonchus laevis	Sloane
Sonchus gracilis	Sennen	Cat. Fl. Rif Orient. : 72 (1933)
Sonchus carolinianus	Walter	Fl. Carol. : 192 (1788)
Sonchus fallax	Wallr.	Ann. Bot. 98
Sonchus spinosus	Lam.	Fl. Franç. 2: 86 (1779)
Sonchus tibesticus	Quézel	Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. l. 31 (1959)
Sonchus oleraceus subsp. asper	(L.) Ehrh.	Ehrh. in Hannover. Mag. 18. 1780. 230 1780
Sonchus asper var. pungens	Bisch.
Sonchus viridis	Zenari	Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 1924, n. s. xxxi. 14.
Sonchus umbellatus	E.Mey. ex DC.	Prodr. 7(1): 185 (1838)
Sonchus oleraceus	Wall.	Numer. List [Wallich] n. 3252 F. 1831
Sonchus tenerrimus	Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 371 (1866)
Sonchus eryngioides	DC.	Prodr. 7(1): 185 (1838)
Hieracium asperum	Bernh.	Syst. Verz. : 136 (1800)
Sonchus ferox	Wall.	Numer. List : n.° 3248 (1831)
Sonchus asper	Garsault	Fig. Pl. Med. 4: t. 565. 1764 , nom. inval., opus utique oppressum; Descr. Pl. Anim. 332. 1767; Thell. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. II. viii. 906
Sonchus sulphureus	Boiss.	Fl. Orient. 3: 796 (1875)
Sonchus asper f. adenotrichus	Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18(1-2): 173 (1973)
Sonchus asper f. lignosus	A.T.Szabó	Index Seminum (CL, Cluj-Napoca) 1970: 68 (1971)
Sonchus asper f. laevis	(Wallr.) V.Kuusk	Fl. Estonskoĭ SSR 6: 455 (1978):.
Sonchus asper var. sabulosus	P.D.Sell	Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 4: 532 (114) (2006)

Common names Top

Add a new one! Suggest a correction!

Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	spiny milkthistle
English	spiny-leaved sow thistle
English	spiny sowthistle
English	spiny sow-thistle
English	spiny sow thistle
English	prickly sow-thistle
English	prickly sowthistle
English	sharp-fringed sow thistle
English	spiny milk thistle
Spanish	lincharina
Spanish	diente de león
Spanish	llatazin
Spanish	latazin
Spanish	cardo lincherin
Spanish	cardo lecherin
Spanish	llatazín
Spanish	llataim
Spanish	lincherines
Spanish	lincherina
Spanish	cardimuelle
Spanish	cardo lincherín
Spanish	cardo lechero
Spanish	cardo lecherín
Spanish	cardo lechera
Spanish	cardo lechar
Spanish	cardinchi
Spanish	cardinche
Spanish	cardincha
Spanish	cardo meleño
Spanish	cardeña
Spanish	azapuercos
Spanish	lechiterna
Spanish	lecherina
Spanish	cardo
Spanish	muelle
Spanish	lechuguilla
Spanish	lencherina
Spanish	cardoncha
Spanish	cerraja
Spanish	cerrajas
Spanish	cerrajón
Spanish	cerrayas
Spanish	latazín
Spanish	lechacino
Spanish	lechariega
Spanish	lechazines
Spanish	lechazino
Spanish	lecherín
Spanish	lecherines
Spanish	lechugos
ab	Адырҕыҕ
Arabic	تفاف جاسىء
Arabic	تفاف جاسئ
Belarusian	Асот шурпаты
Catalan	lletsó punxós
Czech	mléč drsný
Welsh	llaethysgallen arw
Danish	ru svinemælk
German	rauhe gänsedistel
German	raue gänsedistel
Estonian	kare piimohakas
Persian	شیرتیغک
Finnish	otavalvatti
French	laiteron épineux
French	laiteron piquant
gd	searbhan muice
Manx	bee muc friogganagh
Italian	grespino spinoso
Japanese	オニノゲシ
Japanese	鬼野芥子
Korean	큰방가지똥
Norwegian Bokmål	stivdylle
Dutch	ruwe melkdistel
Dutch	gekroesde melkdistel
nv	azeeʼ hókánii łibáhígíí
pcd	lancheron pipique
Polish	mlecz kolczasty
Quechua	khishka khishka
Quechua	kichka-kichka lichi-lichi
Quechua	yuyu k'ana
Quechua	yuyu khana
Russian	Осот шероховатый
Slovak	mlieč drsný
Swedish	svinmjölktistel
Swedish	svinmolke
Swedish	svintistel
Chinese	朝鲜一枝黄花
Chinese	续断菊
Chinese	大叶苣荬菜
Chinese	北叶滇苦菜；花叶滇苦菜
Chinese	石白头
Chinese	花叶滇苦菜
Chinese	鬼苦苣菜
Chinese	断续菊
Chinese	花葉滇苦菜

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Add a new one! Suggest a correction!

Name	Authority	First published in
Sonchus tenerrimus subsp. tenerrimus	L.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

Suggest a correction or add new data!

No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Macaronesia
  - Azores
  - Canary Islands
  - Madeira
  - Selvagens
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Chad
  - Djibouti
  - Eritrea
  - Ethiopia
  - Somalia
  - Sudan
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Egypt
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia
- South Tropical Africa
  - Angola
  - Mozambique
  - Zambia
  - Zimbabwe
- Southern Africa
  - Botswana
  - Cape Provinces
  - Free State
  - Kwazulu-Natal
  - Lesotho
  - Namibia
  - Northern Provinces
  - Swaziland
- West Tropical Africa
  - Burkina
  - Nigeria
  - Senegal
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Cameroon
  - Zaïre
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Madagascar
  - Mauritius
  - Rodrigues
  - Réunion

Antarctica click to expand
- Subantarctic Islands
  - Falkland Islands
  - Tristan Da Cunha

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Gulf States
  - Saudi Arabia
  - Yemen
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- China
  - China North-central
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Inner Mongolia
  - Tibet
  - Xinjiang
- Eastern Asia
  - Japan
  - Korea
  - Taiwan
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Kirgizstan
  - Tadzhikistan
  - Turkmenistan
  - Uzbekistan
- Russian Far East
  - Amur
  - Khabarovsk
  - Kuril Islands
  - Primorye
  - Sakhalin
- Siberia
  - Altay
  - Buryatiya
  - Chita
  - Irkutsk
  - Krasnoyarsk
  - Tuva
  - West Siberia
  - Yakutskiya
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan
  - Cyprus
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Iran
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Palestine
  - Sinai
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - Bangladesh
  - East Himalaya
  - India
  - Nepal
  - Pakistan
  - Sri Lanka
  - West Himalaya
- Indo-China
  - Vietnam
- Papuasia
  - New Guinea

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - New South Wales
  - Norfolk Island
  - Northern Territory
  - Queensland
  - South Australia
  - Tasmania
  - Victoria
  - Western Australia
- New Zealand
  - Antipodean Islands
  - Chatham Islands
  - New Zealand North
  - New Zealand South

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - North European Russia
  - Northwest European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Great Britain
  - Iceland
  - Ireland
  - Norway
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Kriti
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares
  - Corse
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - New Brunswick
  - Newfoundland
  - Nova Scotia
  - Ontario
  - Prince Edward Island
  - Québec
- Mexico
  - Mexican Pacific Islands
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Minnesota
  - Missouri
  - Nebraska
  - North Dakota
  - Oklahoma
  - South Dakota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - Vermont
  - West Virginia
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Montana
  - Oregon
  - Washington
  - Wyoming
- South-central U.S.A.
  - New Mexico
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Arkansas
  - Delaware
  - District Of Columbia
  - Florida
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - Mississippi
  - South Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - Arizona
  - California
  - Nevada
  - Utah
- Subarctic America
  - Alaska
  - Yukon
- Western Canada
  - Alberta
  - British Columbia
  - Manitoba
  - Saskatchewan

Pacific click to expand
- North-central Pacific
  - Hawaii
- South-central Pacific
  - Society Islands
- Southwestern Pacific
  - Tonga

Southern America click to expand
- Caribbean
  - Bahamas
  - Bermuda
  - Dominican Republic
  - Haiti
  - Jamaica
  - Leeward Islands
  - Puerto Rico
  - Windward Islands
- Central America
  - Costa Rica
  - Nicaragua
  - Panamá
- Northern South America
  - Guyana
  - Venezuela
- Southern South America
  - Paraguay
  - Uruguay
- Western South America
  - Bolivia
  - Colombia
  - Ecuador

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000031264
Florida Plant Atlas	411
Flora of Alabama	1018
Canadensys	3513
USDA Plants	SOAS
Tropicos	2701342
INPN	124233
Flora of Italy	6311
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1003017-2
The Plant List	gcc-130230
Open Tree Of Life	761937
NCBI Taxonomy	50193
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000004544
Nature Serve	2.145502
IPNI	1003017-2
iNaturalist	53269
GBIF	3105782
Freebase	/m/0dg_rk
WisFlora	5105
EPPO	SONAS
EOL	492388
Elurikkus	7309
Calflora (Californian flora)	10384
USDA GRIN	34933
Wikipedia	Sonchus_asper

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Leaf functional traits and resource use strategies facilitate the spread of invasive plant Parthenium hysterophorus across an elevational gradient in western Himalayas

Sharma P, Rathee S, Ahmad M, Siddiqui MH, Alamri S, Kaur S, Kohli RK, Singh HP, Batish DR

BMC Plant Biol

02-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC10985864
doi:	10.1186/s12870-024-04904-0
PMID:	38561674

Vegetation–edaphic correlation and importance value index in himalayan ‘ecotone’ temperate conifer forest using the multivariate technique

Ali F, Zeb M, Amin M, Rajpar MN, Hidayat S, Khan WR

Saudi J Biol Sci

24-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11000104
doi:	10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103983
PMID:	38590389

Climate and soil factors co-derive the functional traits variations in naturalized downy thorn apple (Datura innoxia Mill.) along the altitudinal gradient in the semi-arid environment

Khan N, Ullah R, Okla MK, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Saleh IA, Abu-Harirah HA, AlRamadneh TN, AbdElgawad H

Heliyon

14-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10957434
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27811
PMID:	38524627

The sustainable use of diverse plants accustomed by different ethnic groups in Sibi District, Balochistan, Pakistan

Maria B, Saeed S, Ahmed A, Ahmed M, Rehman A

PLoS One

21-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10880983
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0294989
PMID:	38381718

Evaluation of the Content of Minerals, B-Group Vitamins, Tocols, and Carotenoids in Raw and In-House Cooked Wild Edible Plants

Fratianni A, Albanese D, Ianiri G, Vitone C, Malvano F, Avino P, Panfili G

Foods

02-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10855799
doi:	10.3390/foods13030472
PMID:	38338607

Soil Seed Banks and Their Relation to Soil Properties in Hilly Landscapes

Skuodienė R, Matyžiūtė V, Šiaudinis G

Plants (Basel)

29-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10781063
doi:	10.3390/plants13010104
PMID:	38202412

Biogenic silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, applications and challenges in food sector with special emphasis on aquaculture

Khursheed S, Dutta J, Ahmad I, Rather MA, Badroo IA, Bhat TA, Ahmad I, Amin A, Shah A, Qadri T, Habib H

Food Chem X

07-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10740048
doi:	10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101051
PMID:	38144846

Lawn or spontaneous groundcover? Residents’ perceptions of and preferences for alternative lawns in Xianyang, China

Liang H, Li C, Xue D, Liu J, Jin K, Wang Y, Gao D, Chen Y, Li Y, Qiu L, Gao T

Front Psychol

27-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10646185
doi:	10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1259920
PMID:	38022966

The most polyphagous insect herbivore? Host plant associations of the Meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.)

Thompson V, Harkin C, Stewart AJ

PLoS One

04-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10602594
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0291734
PMID:	37792900

Alternaria arborescens and A. italica Causing Leaf Blotch on Celtis julianae in China

Liao YC, Cao YJ, Wan Y, Li H, Li DW, Zhu LH

Plants (Basel)

30-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10489861
doi:	10.3390/plants12173113
PMID:	37687359

Spatial distribution of the four invasive plants and their impact on natural communities’ dynamics across the arid and semi-arid environments in northwest Pakistan

Khan N, Ullah R, Okla MK, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Saleh IA, Abu-Harirah HA, AlRamadneh TN, AbdElgawad H

Front Plant Sci

25-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10485558
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2023.1207222
PMID:	37692447

Medicinal Plants Used in the Management of Sexual Dysfunction, Infertility and Improving Virility in the East African Community: A Systematic Review

Kyarimpa C, Nagawa CB, Omara T, Odongo S, Ssebugere P, Lugasi SO, Gumula I

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med

12-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10439835
doi:	10.1155/2023/6878852
PMID:	37600549

Detection and Quantification of Botanical Impurities in Commercial Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Using Metabarcoding and Digital PCR

Lievens A, Paracchini V, Garlant L, Pietretti D, Maquet A, Ulberth F

Foods

09-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10453138
doi:	10.3390/foods12162998
PMID:	37627997

Evaluation of the Weeds around Capsicum annuum (CA) Cultivation Fields as Potential Habitats of CA-Infecting Viruses

Choi MK

Plant Pathol J

01-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10412962
doi:	10.5423/PPJ.OA.04.2023.0066
PMID:	37550983

Update of the Xylella spp. host plant database – systematic literature search up to 31 December 2022

Gibin D, Pasinato L, Delbianco A

EFSA J

13-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10262070
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8061
PMID:	37325259

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Hexacosanol	68171	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO	382.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19793391
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Tigliane and ingenane diterpenoids
[(1R,2R,6S,10R,11R,13S,14R,15R)-13-acetyloxy-8-formyl-1-hydroxy-4,12,12,15-tetramethyl-5-oxo-14-tetracyclo[8.5.0.02,6.011,13]pentadeca-3,8-dienyl] 2-(methylamino)benzoate	162901456	Click to see CC1C(C2(C(C2(C)C)C3C1(C4C=C(C(=O)C4CC(=C3)C=O)C)O)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C5=CC=CC=C5NC	521.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5650/JOS1956.29.82
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Villanovane, atisane, trachylobane or helvifulvane diterpenoids / Atisane diterpenoids
[(1R,2S,5R,8R,9R,10S,11R,13R,14S,15R,16R)-11,14-dihydroxy-5-methyl-12-methylidene-7-azahexacyclo[7.6.2.210,13.01,8.05,16.010,15]nonadec-6-en-2-yl] acetate	162844513	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC2(C=NC3C14C2CC3C56C4C(C(CC5)C(=C)C6O)O)C	371.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides
(3E)-4-[(3alpha,4alpha)-4-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl]-3-buten-2-one	75990140	Click to see CC1=C(C(CC(C1O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)(C)C)C=CC(=O)C	386.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
(E)-4-[(3S,4R)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-5-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl]but-3-en-2-one	163016494	Click to see CC1=C(C(CC(C1OC2C(C(C(O2)C(CO)O)O)OC3C(C(CO3)(CO)O)O)O)(C)C)C=CC(=O)C	518.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
(E)-4-[3-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxycyclohexen-1-yl]but-3-en-2-one	15628144	Click to see CC1=C(C(CC(C1O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)(C)C)C=CC(=O)C	386.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
(E)-4-[4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxycyclohexen-1-yl]but-3-en-2-one	15628138	Click to see CC1=C(C(CC(C1OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)O)(C)C)C=CC(=O)C	386.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
4-[3-[5-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)-3-[3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl]but-3-en-2-one	163016493	Click to see CC1=C(C(CC(C1OC2C(C(C(O2)C(CO)O)O)OC3C(C(CO3)(CO)O)O)O)(C)C)C=CC(=O)C	518.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
Komaroveside A	53248454	Click to see CC1=C(C(CC(C1O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)(C)C)C=CC(=O)C	386.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
Saussureosides B	11567211	Click to see CC1=C(C(CC(C1OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)O)(C)C)C=CC(=O)C	386.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Eudesmanolides, secoeudesmanolides, and derivatives
(3aS,5aR,6R,9aS,9bS)-5a-methyl-3,9-dimethylidene-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3a,4,5,6,7,8,9a,9b-octahydrobenzo[g][1]benzofuran-2-one	13855752	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1C(=C)CCC2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)OC(=O)C3=C	410.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
(3aS,5aR,6R,9R,9aS,9bS)-5a-methyl-3-methylidene-2-oxo-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,6,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3aH-benzo[g][1]benzofuran-9-carbaldehyde	15628117	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1C(CCC2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)C=O)OC(=O)C3=C	426.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
(3aS,5aR,6R,9R,9aS,9bS)-5a-methyl-3-methylidene-2-oxo-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,6,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3aH-benzo[g][1]benzofuran-9-carbaldehyde	162912782	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1C(CCC2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)C=O)OC(=O)C3=C	426.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
(3aS,5aR,6R,9R,9aS,9bS)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-5a-methyl-3-methylidene-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,6,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3aH-benzo[g][1]benzofuran-2-one	15628122	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1C(CCC2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO)OC(=O)C3=C	428.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
(3aS,5aR,6R,9R,9aS,9bS)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-5a-methyl-3-methylidene-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,6,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3aH-benzo[g][1]benzofuran-2-one	162973965	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1C(CCC2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO)OC(=O)C3=C	428.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
(3S,3aS,5aR,6R,9R,9aS,9bS)-3,5a-dimethyl-2-oxo-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,9,9a,9b-decahydrobenzo[g][1]benzofuran-9-carbaldehyde	162872949	Click to see CC1C2CCC3(C(CCC(C3C2OC1=O)C=O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)C	428.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
3,5a-Dimethyl-2-oxo-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,9,9a,9b-decahydrobenzo[g][1]benzofuran-9-carbaldehyde	15628125	Click to see CC1C2CCC3(C(CCC(C3C2OC1=O)C=O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)C	428.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
5a-methyl-3-methylidene-2-oxo-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,6,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3aH-benzo[g][1]benzofuran-9-carbaldehyde	15628116	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1C(CCC2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)C=O)OC(=O)C3=C	426.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
6-Hydroxy-3,5a-dimethyl-9-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,9,9a,9b-decahydrobenzo[g][1]benzofuran-2-one	15628133	Click to see CC1C2CCC3(C(CCC(C3C2OC1=O)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C	430.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
9-(Hydroxymethyl)-3,5a-dimethyl-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,9,9a,9b-decahydrobenzo[g][1]benzofuran-2-one	15628129	Click to see CC1C2CCC3(C(CCC(C3C2OC1=O)CO)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)C	430.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
9-(hydroxymethyl)-5a-methyl-3-methylidene-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,6,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3aH-benzo[g][1]benzofuran-2-one	15628121	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1C(CCC2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)CO)OC(=O)C3=C	428.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
Sonchuside H	15628130	Click to see CC1C2CCC3(C(CCC(C3C2OC1=O)CO)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)C	430.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
Sonchuside I	15628134	Click to see CC1C2CCC3(C(CCC(C3C2OC1=O)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C	430.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Germacranolides and derivatives
(3aR,4S,6E,10E,11aS)-4-hydroxy-3-methylidene-2-oxo-10-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carbaldehyde	162844201	Click to see C=C1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C=O)O	440.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
(3aR,4S,6E,10Z,11aR)-2,3,3a,4,5,8,9,11a-Octahydro-4-hydroxy-10-[[6-O-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oxymethyl]-3-methylene-2-oxocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carbaldehyde	101701130	Click to see C=C1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)COC(=O)CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)C=O)O	574.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
(3aR,4S,6E,10Z,11aR)-4-hydroxy-3-methylidene-2-oxo-10-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carbaldehyde	162844198	Click to see C=C1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C=O)O	440.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
(3S,3aR,4S,6E,10E,11aR)-4-hydroxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyl-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydro-3H-cyclodeca[b]furan-6-carbaldehyde	101665849	Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)CO)C=O)O	280.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
(3S,3aR,4S,6E,10Z,11aR)-4-hydroxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyl-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydro-3H-cyclodeca[b]furan-6-carbaldehyde	15884540	Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)CO)C=O)O	280.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
(3S,3aR,4S,6E,10Z,11aR)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-10-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydro-3H-cyclodeca[b]furan-6-carbaldehyde	162922736	Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C=O)O	442.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
(3S,3aR,4S,6E,10Z,11aR)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-10-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydro-3H-cyclodeca[b]furan-6-carbaldehyde	162922734	Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C=O)O	442.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
(3S,3aR,4S,6Z,10Z,11aR)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-10-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydro-3H-cyclodeca[b]furan-6-carbaldehyde	162922737	Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C=O)O	442.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[[(3aR,4S,6E,10E,11aS)-6-formyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-10-yl]methoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate	162876633	Click to see C=C1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)COC(=O)CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)C=O)O	574.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
[6-[(6-Formyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-10-yl)methoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate	162876631	Click to see C=C1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)COC(=O)CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)C=O)O	574.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
4-hydroxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyl-2-oxo-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydro-3H-cyclodeca[b]furan-6-carbaldehyde	162976462	Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)CO)C=O)O	280.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
4-Hydroxy-3-methylidene-2-oxo-10-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3a,4,5,8,9,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-6-carbaldehyde	74151568	Click to see C=C1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C=O)O	440.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
Urospermal A 15-glucoside	23983719	Click to see C=C1C2C(CC(=CCCC(=CC2OC1=O)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C=O)O	440.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(4aR,6aR,6aR,6bR,8aS,12aR,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,12,14b-octamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,8,9,12,12a,13,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-ol	138113838	Click to see CC1C2C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CCC2(CC=C1C)C)C)C)(C)C)O)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5650/JOS1956.29.82
(6aR,6bR,8aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,12,14b-heptamethyl-11-methylidene-1,2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14a-hexadecahydropicen-3-ol	145706026	Click to see CC1C2C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CCC2(CCC1=C)C)C)C)(C)C)O)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5650/JOS1956.29.82
[(4aR,6aS,6aR,6bR,8aR,12aS,14aS,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,12,14b-heptamethyl-11-methylidene-1,2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14a-hexadecahydropicen-3-yl] acetate	137704689	Click to see CC1C2C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CCC2(CCC1=C)C)C)C)(C)C)OC(=O)C)C	468.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5650/JOS1956.29.82
alpha-Amyrin	73170	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5650/JOS1956.29.82
Beta-Amyrin	73145	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5650/JOS1956.29.82
Germanicol	122857	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(C2=C1)CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5650/JOS1956.29.82
Germanicol acetate	14167342	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC2(C3CCC4C5=CC(CCC5(CCC4(C3(CCC2C1(C)C)C)C)C)(C)C)C	468.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5650/JOS1956.29.82
Lup-20(29)-en-3beta-ol, acetate	323074	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)OC(=O)C)C)C	468.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19793391
Lupeol	259846	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5650/JOS1956.29.82
Lupeol acetate	92157	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)OC(=O)C)C)C	468.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19793391
Psi-taraxasterol acetate	13970054	Click to see CC1C2C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CCC2(CC=C1C)C)C)C)(C)C)OC(=O)C)C	468.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19793391
psi-Taraxasteryl acetate	13970053	Click to see CC1C2C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CCC2(CC=C1C)C)C)C)(C)C)OC(=O)C)C	468.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19793391
Taraxasterol acetate	13889352	Click to see CC1C2C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CCC2(CCC1=C)C)C)C)(C)C)OC(=O)C)C	468.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19793391
Taraxasterol, acetate	344468	Click to see CC1C2C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CCC2(CCC1=C)C)C)C)(C)C)OC(=O)C)C	468.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19793391 https://doi.org/10.5650/JOS1956.29.82
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives
[5-[Hydroxy-[3-[5-[3-[hydroxy-(5-hydroxy-3-methylpent-2-enoyl)amino]propyl]-3,6-dioxopiperazin-2-yl]propyl]amino]-3-methyl-5-oxopent-3-enyl] 2-acetamido-5-[(4,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpent-2-enoyl)-hydroxyamino]pentanoate	162987178	Click to see CC(=CC(=O)N(CCCC1C(=O)NC(C(=O)N1)CCCN(C(=O)C=C(C)CCOC(=O)C(CCCN(C(=O)C=C(C)C(CO)O)O)NC(=O)C)O)O)CCO	784.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
> Organic acids and derivatives / Peptidomimetics / Hybrid peptides
10-[(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-6-methyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-16-(3-phenylprop-2-enyl)-1,4-dioxa-8,11-diazacyclohexadec-13-ene-2,5,9,12-tetrone	73836065	Click to see CC1CNC(=O)C(NC(=O)C=CCC(OC(=O)C(OC1=O)CC(C)C)CC=CC2=CC=CC=C2)CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)OC)Cl	625.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
Chlorogenic Acid	1794427	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90062-V
Isochlorogensaure	12310829	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90062-V
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-[(13-methoxy-3-methylidene-4-oxo-5,14-dioxatricyclo[10.2.1.02,6]pentadeca-7,11-dien-8-yl)methoxy]oxan-2-yl]methyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate	163083650	Click to see COC1C2=CCCC(=CC3C(C(C2)O1)C(=C)C(=O)O3)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)COC(=O)CC5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O	588.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoindoles and derivatives / Isoindolines / Isoindolones
Cichorine	442849	Click to see CC1=C(C=C2C(=C1OC)CNC2=O)O	193.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90062-V
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthofurans
(3S,3aS,5aR,6R,9R,9aS,9bS)-3,5a-dimethyl-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,9,9a,9b-decahydro-2H-benzo[g][1]benzofuran-9-carbaldehyde	101833771	Click to see CC1COC2C1CCC3(C2C(CCC3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)C=O)C	414.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80355-3
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
Caffeic Acid	689043	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C=CC(=O)O)O)O	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90062-V
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 6,7-dihydroxycoumarins
Esculetin	5281416	Click to see C1=CC(=O)OC2=CC(=C(C=C21)O)O	178.14	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90062-V
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
Apigenin	5280443	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O	270.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90062-V
Luteolin	5280445	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90062-V
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / 8-prenylated flavones
8-[3,4-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one	74977461	Click to see C1C(C(C(O1)C2=C3C(=C(C(=C2O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C(=O)C=C(O3)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)(CO)O	564.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00516-6
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	51402807	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90062-V
Hyperoside	5281643	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90062-V
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
Apigetrin	5280704	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90062-V https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)83031-3
Luteolin 7-O-glucoside	5280637	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90062-V

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Sonchus asper

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