Nephrolepis biserrata, also known as the giant swordfern, is a tropical fern found in Florida, Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America, Africa, and southeast Asia. It has grayish brown stipes that can reach up to 50 cm in length and papery, brownish-green lamina that can grow up to 2 meters long. This fern is the largest of all sword ferns and is often called the "Macho Fern" due to its aggressive growth compared to other ferns like the Boston Sword Fern. It has many synonyms, including Aspidium acuminatum, Nephrodium biserratum, and Nephrolepis acuminata.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Aspidium gibbosum	Willd.	Sp. Pl., ed. 4 , 5: 222 (1810)
Aspidium hoffmannseggii	Poir.	Encycl. , Suppl. 4: 509 (1816)
Aspidium nigropunctatum	Spreng.	Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 3: 7 (1822)
Aspidium paraense	Willd.	Sp. Pl., ed. 4 , 5: 228 (1810)
Hypopeltis amygdalina	Bory	Voy. Indes Or. , Bot. 2(1): 64 (1833)
Hypopeltis palmoides	Bory	Voy. Indes Or. , Bot. 2(1): 65 (1833)
Nephrodium gibbosum	Gaudich.	Voy. Uranie : 338 (1828)
Nephrodium palmoides	Rich.	Sert. Astrol. XXXIX. 1834
Polystichum acutum	C.Presl	Tent. Pterid. 83. 1836 (1836)
Nephrolepis caudata	Christ	Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. , sér. 5, 3(1): 27 (1909)
Nephrolepis dayakorum	Bonap.	Notes Ptéridol. 7. 399. 1918. (1918)
Nephrolepis depauperata	de Vriese	Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1: 9 (1846)
Nephrolepis gibbosa	C.Presl	Tent. Pterid. 79. 1836 (1836)
Nephrolepis laurifolia	(Christ) Proctor	Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53: 262 (1989)
Nephrolepis macrophylla	C.Presl	Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. , ser. 5, 6: 43 (1851)
Nephrolepis mauritiana	T.Moore	Index Fil. : 96 (1858)
Nephrolepis paraensis	C.Presl	Tent. Pterid. 79. 1836 (1836)
Nephrolepis persicifolia	Christ	Nova Guinea 8: 159 (1909)
Nephrolepis pilosula	Alderw.	Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg , ser. 2, 11: 18 (1913)
Nephrolepis subcordata	C.Presl	Tent. Pterid. 79. 1836; Epim. 43. 1849 (1836)
Nephrolepis zollingeriana	de Vriese	Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1: 10 (1846)
Polypodium integerrimum	Vell.	Fl. Flumin. 11: t. 60 (1831)
Polypodium nephrolepioides	Christ	Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève , ser. 2, 1: 220 (1909)
Polypodium palmoides	Bory	Voy. Indes Or. , Bot. 2(1): 30 (1833)
Aspidium biserratum	Sw.	J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 32 (1801)
Aspidium acutum	Schkuhr	24. Kl. Linn. Pfl.-Syst. 1: 32 (1806)
Nephrolepis acuta	C.Presl	Tent. Pterid. 79. 1836 (1836)
Aspidium splendens	Willd.	Sp. Pl., ed. 4 , 5: 220 (1810)
Nephrodium splendens	Desv.	Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6(3): 253 (1827)
Nephrolepis splendens	C.Presl	Tent. Pterid. 79. 1836 (1836)
Aspidium mauritianum	Desv.	Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. 5: 320 (1811)
Aspidium guineense	Schumach.	Beskr. Guin. Pl. : 455 (1827)
Nephrodium biserratum	C.Presl	Reliq. Haenk. 1: 31 (1825)
Hypopeltis biserrata	Bory	Voy. Indes Or. , Bot. 2(1): 65 (1833)
Tectaria fraxinea	Cav.	Descr. Pl. (Cavanilles) 250. 1802
Lepidoneuron biserratum	(Sw.) Fée	Mém. Foug. 5: 301 1852
Nephrolepis exaltata var. biserrata	(Sw.) Baker	Fl. Bras. 1(2): 493 (1870)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. biserrata	Kuntze	Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 816 (1891)
Polypodium punctulatum	Poir.	Encycl. 5: 533 (1804)
Aspidium punctulatum	Sw.	Syn. Fil. : 46 (1806)
Lepidoneuron punctulatum	(Poir.) Fée	Mem. Foug., Gen. Filic. 301 1852
Nephrodium acutum	C.Presl	Reliq. Haenk. 1: 31 (1825)
Nephrodium punctulatum	Desv.	Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6(3): 253 (1827)
Nephrolepis biserrata subsp. punctulata	Bonap.	Notes Ptéridol. 1, 165 (1915)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. acuta	Kuntze	Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 816 (1891)
Nephrolepis punctulata	C.Presl	Tent. Pterid. 79 t. 2 f. 14. 1836 (1836)
Nephrolepis acuminata	C.Presl	Tent. Pterid. 79. 1836 (1836)
Nephrolepis ensifolia	C.Presl	Tent. Pterid. 79. 1836 (1836)
Nephrolepis mollis	Rosenst.	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 22: 13 (1925)
Nephrolepis rufescens	Wawra	Maxim. Reise 200 t. 101. 1866
Aspidium acuminatum	Willd.	Sp. Pl., ed. 4 , 5: 221 (1810)
Aspidium ensifolium	Schkuhr	24. Kl. Linn. Pfl.-Syst. 1: 32 (1806)
Nephrodium rufescens	Schrad.	Gött. Gel. Anz. 1824. 869 (1824)
Polypodium neprolepioides	Christ	Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève , ser. 2, 1: 220 (1909)
Lepidoneuron rufescens	(Schrad.) Fée	Mém. Foug. 5: 301 1852
Nephrodium hoffmanseggii	Desv.	Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6(3): 252 (1827)
Aspidium hoffmenseggii	Poir.	Encycl., Suppl. 4: 509
Nephrodium guianense	Desv.	Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6(3): 253 (1827)
Nephrodium timoriense	Desv.	Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6(3): 253 (1827)
Nephrodium acuminatum	C.Presl	Reliq. Haenk. 1: 31 (1825)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. rufescens	(Wawra) Bonap.	Notes Pteridologiques 10 1920
Aspidium exaltatum var. longipinna	Benth.	Flora Australiensis 7 1878
Nephrolepis biserrata var. rufescens	(Schrad.) Luetzelb.	Estud. Bot. Nordéste 3: 246. 1923 Insp. Fed. Obras Secc. Publ. 57
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. ensifolia	Kuntze	Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 816. 1891 [5 Nov 1891]
Nephrolepis punctulata var. rufescens	(Schrad.) Kunze	Linnaea 21(2): 230. 1848 [Apr 1848]
Aspidium biserratum var. paraense	Farw.	Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 262. 1931
Nephrolepis acuta var. laurifolia	Christ	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23(3): 355. 1896 [24 Nov 1896]

Common names Top

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Language	Common/alternative name
English	giant swordfern
Japanese	ホウビカンジュ
Malay	pokok paku larat
Malay	paku larat
Chinese	長葉腎蕨
Chinese	长叶肾蕨

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Nephrolepis biserrata var. auriculata	Ching	Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 2: 378. 1959

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
  - Uganda
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Ethiopia
  - Sudan
- South Tropical Africa
  - Angola
  - Mozambique
  - Zambia
  - Zimbabwe
- Southern Africa
  - Kwazulu-Natal
  - Northern Provinces
- West Tropical Africa
  - Burkina
  - Ghana
  - Guinea
  - Ivory Coast
  - Liberia
  - Nigeria
  - Senegal
  - Sierra Leone
  - Togo
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Cameroon
  - Central African Republic
  - Equatorial Guinea
  - Gabon
  - Gulf Of Guinea Islands
  - Zaïre
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Comoros
  - Madagascar
  - Mauritius
  - Réunion
  - Seychelles

Asia-temperate click to expand
- China
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Hainan
- Eastern Asia
  - Nansei-shoto
  - Taiwan

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - Bangladesh
  - East Himalaya
  - India
  - Pakistan
  - Sri Lanka
- Indo-China
  - Andaman Islands
  - Cambodia
  - Laos
  - Myanmar
  - Nicobar Nicobar
  - South China Sea
  - Thailand
  - Vietnam
- Malesia
  - Borneo
  - Christmas Island
  - Jawa
  - Lesser Sunda Islands
  - Malaya
  - Philippines
  - Sulawesi
  - Sumatera
- Papuasia
  - Bismarck Archipelago
  - New Guinea
  - Solomon Islands

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - Northern Territory
  - Queensland
  - Western Australia

Northern America click to expand
- Mexico
  - Mexico Central
  - Mexico Gulf
  - Mexico Northeast
  - Mexico Southeast
  - Mexico Southwest
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Florida
  - Louisiana

Pacific click to expand
- Northwestern Pacific
  - Caroline Islands
  - Marianas
  - Marshall Islands
- South-central Pacific
  - Cook Islands
  - Marquesas
  - Pitcairn Islands
  - Society Islands
  - Tuamotu
  - Tubuai Islands
- Southwestern Pacific
  - Fiji
  - New Caledonia
  - Niue
  - Samoa
  - Tonga
  - Vanuatu

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil North
  - Brazil Northeast
  - Brazil South
  - Brazil Southeast
  - Brazil West-central
- Caribbean
  - Cayman Islands
  - Cuba
  - Dominican Republic
  - Jamaica
  - Leeward Islands
  - Netherlands Antilles
  - Puerto Rico
  - Venezuelan Antilles
  - Windward Islands
- Central America
  - Central American Pacific
  - Costa Rica
  - El Salvador
  - Guatemala
  - Honduras
  - Nicaragua
  - Panamá
- Northern South America
  - French Guiana
  - Guyana
  - Suriname
  - Venezuela
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
- Western South America
  - Bolivia
  - Colombia
  - Ecuador
  - Galápagos
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0001107369
Florida Plant Atlas	2905
USDA Plants	NEBI
Tropicos	26600238
INPN	448010
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17160710-1
The Plant List	tro-26600238
Open Tree Of Life	384884
Observations.org	198945
NCBI Taxonomy	389499
Nature Serve	2.151377
IPNI	17160710-1
iNaturalist	165682
GBIF	2650936
EPPO	NEHBI
EOL	597351
Elurikkus	268718
USDA GRIN	25201
Wikipedia	Nephrolepis_biserrata
CMAUP	NPO27213

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Unravelling taboos and cultural beliefs associated with hidden hunger among pregnant and breast-feeding women in Buyende district Eastern Uganda

Tugume P, Mustafa AS, Walusansa A, Ojelel S, Nyachwo EB, Muhumuza E, Nampeera M, Kabbale F, Ssenku JE

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

02-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11064283
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00682-z
PMID:	38693532

Transcriptome analysis reveals the potential mechanism of the response to scale insects in Camellia sasanqua Thunb

Zhang H, Wang X, Yang Z, Bai Y, Chen L, Wu T

BMC Genomics

24-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10807073
doi:	10.1186/s12864-024-09980-y
PMID:	38267855

Antimicrobial Potential of Aqueous Extract of Giant Sword Fern and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Venmathi Maran BA, Palaniveloo K, Mahendran T, Chellappan DK, Tan JK, Yong YS, Lal MT, Joning EJ, Chong WS, Babich O, Sukhikh S, Shah MD

Molecules

15-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10460075
doi:	10.3390/molecules28166075
PMID:	37630329

Modified CTAB protocols for high‐molecular‐weight DNA extractions from ferns

Xie P, Ke Y, Kuo L

Appl Plant Sci

14-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10278929
doi:	10.1002/aps3.11526
PMID:	37342164

Phytochemical Profiling of Sambucus nigra L. Flower and Leaf Extracts and Their Antimicrobial Potential against Almond Tree Pathogens

Sánchez-Hernández E, Balduque-Gil J, González-García V, Barriuso-Vargas JJ, Casanova-Gascón J, Martín-Gil J, Martín-Ramos P

Int J Mol Sci

06-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9866908
doi:	10.3390/ijms24021154
PMID:	36674670

The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus Calicotis, Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species

Shen ZY, Terada T, Hsu YF

Zool Stud

25-Nov-2022

PMCID:	PMC10061212
doi:	10.6620/ZS.2022.61-63
PMID:	37007813

Antimicrobial Secondary Metabolites from the Mangrove Plants of Asia and the Pacific

Sulaiman M, Nissapatorn V, Rahmatullah M, Paul AK, Rajagopal M, Rusdi NA, Seelan JS, Suleiman M, Zakaria ZA, Wiart C

Mar Drugs

15-Oct-2022

PMCID:	PMC9605323
doi:	10.3390/md20100643
PMID:	36286466

Patterns of ferns community assemblages in some Malaysian and Nigerian tropical forests

Akomolafe GF, Rosazlina R, Rahmad Z, Oloyede FA

Ecol Evol

03-Jun-2022

PMCID:	PMC9165205
doi:	10.1002/ece3.8961
PMID:	35784038

Structural Variation of Plastomes Provides Key Insight Into the Deep Phylogeny of Ferns

Du XY, Kuo LY, Zuo ZY, Li DZ, Lu JM

Front Plant Sci

02-May-2022

PMCID:	PMC9134734
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2022.862772
PMID:	35645990

Riparian buffers made of mature oil palms have inconsistent impacts on oil palm ecosystems

Pashkevich MD, Luke SH, Aryawan AA, Waters HS, Caliman J, Dupérré N, Naim M, Potapov AM, Turner EC

Ecol Appl

29-Mar-2022

PMCID:	PMC9286838
doi:	10.1002/eap.2552
PMID:	35112418

Hepatoprotective Potential of Malaysian Medicinal Plants: A Review on Phytochemicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Mechanisms

Venmathi Maran BA, Iqbal M, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC, Rao PV, Shah MD

Molecules

24-Feb-2022

PMCID:	PMC8911738
doi:	10.3390/molecules27051533
PMID:	35268634

Pest categorisation of Maconellicoccus hirsutus

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, Sven Magnusson C, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Gregoire J, Malumphy C, Antonatos S, Kertesz V, Maiorano A, Papachristos D, MacLeod A

EFSA J

11-Jan-2022

PMCID:	PMC8749475
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7024
PMID:	35035580

Edaphic heterogeneity and the evolutionary trajectory of Amazonian plant communities

Lehtonen S, Muscarella R, Moulatlet G, Balslev H, Tuomisto H

Ecol Evol

20-Dec-2021

PMCID:	PMC8717337
doi:	10.1002/ece3.8477
PMID:	35003631

Application of Polypodiopsida Class in Nanotechnology–Potential towards Development of More Effective Bioactive Solutions

Fierascu I, Fierascu RC, Ungureanu C, Draghiceanu OA, Soare LC

Antioxidants (Basel)

08-May-2021

PMCID:	PMC8151343
doi:	10.3390/antiox10050748
PMID:	34066800

Efficacy of the Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta indica Against the Marine Parasitic Leech and Its Phytochemical Profiling

Venmathi Maran BA, Josmeh D, Tan JK, Yong YS, Shah MD

Molecules

29-Mar-2021

PMCID:	PMC8037938
doi:	10.3390/molecules26071908
PMID:	33805254

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Acylaminobenzoic acid and derivatives
4-[(2-amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methyl-formylamino]benzoic acid	97575	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)N(CC2=CN=C3C(=N2)C(=O)N=C(N3)N)C=O	340.29	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Abscisic acids and derivatives
Abscisic acid	5280896	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)CC(C1(C=CC(=CC(=O)O)C)O)(C)C	264.32	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Androstane steroids
(5S,6S,8S,9S,10S,11R,13S,14S)-6,11-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one	92835934	Click to see CC12CCCCC1C(CC3C2C(CC4(C3CCC4=O)C)O)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Androstane steroids / Androgens and derivatives
(3beta,5alpha,7alpha)-3,7-Dihydroxyandrostan-17-one	9815044	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1CC(C3C2CCC4(C3CCC4=O)C)O)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3R,5R,7S,8R,9S,10S,13S,14S)-3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one	57386710	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1CC(C3C2CCC4(C3CCC4=O)C)O)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3R,5R,8R,9S,10S,13S,14S,17S)-3,17-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-one	69924431	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CCC2O)C(=O)CC4C3(CCC(C4)O)C	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3R,5R,8R,9S,10S,13S,14S)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-7,17-dione	57386713	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1CC(=O)C3C2CCC4(C3CCC4=O)C)O	304.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3R,5S,6S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S)-3,6-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one	69766330	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1C(CC3C2CCC4(C3CCC4=O)C)O)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,5R,7R,8S,9S,10S,13R,14S,16S)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,7,16-triol	99574281	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CC(C2)O)C(CC4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)O	308.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,5R,7S,8S,9S,10S,13S,14S,16S)-3,7,16-trihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-11-one	99572894	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1CC(C3C2C(=O)CC4(C3CC(C4)O)C)O)O	322.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,5R,8S,9S,10S,13R,14S,16R)-3,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-one	99573267	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CC(C2)O)C(=O)CC4C3(CCC(C4)O)C	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,5R,8S,9S,10S,13R,14S,16S)-3,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-one	99573266	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CC(C2)O)C(=O)CC4C3(CCC(C4)O)C	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,5S,6S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S)-3,6-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one	15917986	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1C(CC3C2CCC4(C3CCC4=O)C)O)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,5S,6S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,16R)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,6,16-triol	99574278	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CC(C2)O)CC(C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)O	308.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,5S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,16R)-3,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-one	99571962	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CC(C2)O)CC(=O)C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,5S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,16S)-3,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-one	99571961	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CC(C2)O)CC(=O)C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,5S,8S,9S,10S,11R,13S,14S,16S)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,11,16-triol	100922640	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1CCC3C2C(CC4(C3CC(C4)O)C)O)O	308.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,5S,8S,9S,10S,13S,14S,16R)-3,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-11-one	99601533	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1CCC3C2C(=O)CC4(C3CC(C4)O)C)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,5S,8S,9S,10S,13S,14S,16S)-3,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-11-one	99575783	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1CCC3C2C(=O)CC4(C3CC(C4)O)C)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(5R,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-5,17-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	10979706	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CCC2O)CCC4(C3(CCC(=O)C4)C)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(5R,8S,9S,10S,13R,14S,16S)-16-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,7-dione	99571971	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CC(C2)O)C(=O)CC4C3(CCC(=O)C4)C	304.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(5S,6R,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,16S)-6,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	99573707	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CC(C2)O)CC(C4C3(CCC(=O)C4)C)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(5S,6S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,16R)-6,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	99573706	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CC(C2)O)CC(C4C3(CCC(=O)C4)C)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(5S,6S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,16S)-6,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	99573705	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CC(C2)O)CC(C4C3(CCC(=O)C4)C)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(5S,6S,8S,9S,10S,11R,13S,14S)-6,11-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	99574441	Click to see CC12CCCC1C3CC(C4CC(=O)CCC4(C3C(C2)O)C)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(5S,8S,9R,10S,13S,14S,16R)-9,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,11-dione	99571360	Click to see CC12CCC(=O)CC1CCC3C2(C(=O)CC4(C3CC(C4)O)C)O	320.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(5S,8S,9R,10S,13S,14S,16S)-9,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,11-dione	99571358	Click to see CC12CCC(=O)CC1CCC3C2(C(=O)CC4(C3CC(C4)O)C)O	320.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(5S,8S,9S,10S,13S,14S,16R)-16-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,11-dione	99574177	Click to see CC12CCC(=O)CC1CCC3C2C(=O)CC4(C3CC(C4)O)C	304.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(5S,8S,9S,10S,13S,14S,16S)-16-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,11-dione	99574175	Click to see CC12CCC(=O)CC1CCC3C2C(=O)CC4(C3CC(C4)O)C	304.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
11-Hydroxyandrosterone	21139727	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1CCC3C2C(CC4(C3CCC4=O)C)O)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
11alpha-Hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione	101709630	Click to see CC12CCC(=O)CC1CCC3C2C(CC4(C3CCC4=O)C)O	304.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
11alpha,16alpha-Dihydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one	100922644	Click to see CC12CCC(=O)CC1CCC3C2C(CC4(C3CC(C4)O)C)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
3beta-Hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-7,17-dione	11954160	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1CC(=O)C3C2CCC4(C3CCC4=O)C)O	304.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
5alpha-Androstan-11-one, 3alpha,17beta-dihydroxy-	10125601	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1CCC3C2C(=O)CC4(C3CCC4O)C)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
5alpha-Androstan-3-one, 11alpha,17beta-dihydroxy-	22796602	Click to see CC12CCC(=O)CC1CCC3C2C(CC4(C3CCC4O)C)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
5alpha-Androstan-3beta,17beta-diol-7-one	11868973	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CCC2O)C(=O)CC4C3(CCC(C4)O)C	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
5alpha-Androstan-6-one, 3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-	11551286	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CCC2O)CC(=O)C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
5alpha-Androstane-3,7,17-trione	11266632	Click to see CC12CCC(=O)CC1CC(=O)C3C2CCC4(C3CCC4=O)C	302.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
7-beta-Hydroxyepiandrosterone	9836181	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1CC(C3C2CCC4(C3CCC4=O)C)O)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Androstan-3-one, 6,17-dihydroxy-, (5alpha,6alpha,17beta)-	15838416	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CCC2O)CC(C4C3(CCC(=O)C4)C)O	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Androstan-6-one, 3,17-dihydroxy-, (3alpha,5alpha,17beta)-	15929496	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CCC2O)CC(=O)C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C	306.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Androstane-3,11,17-triol	57396177	Click to see CC12CCC(CC1CCC3C2C(CC4(C3CCC4O)C)O)O	308.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Androstane-3,17-dione, 6-hydroxy-, (5alpha,6alpha)-	22296022	Click to see CC12CCC(=O)CC1C(CC3C2CCC4(C3CCC4=O)C)O	304.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Androstane-3,6,17-triol	170796	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CCC2O)CC(C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)O	308.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Jgd4N79M5A	68995028	Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CCC2O)C(CC4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)O	308.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroid esters
10-Hydroxy-3-oxoestr-4-en-17-yl acetate	91691749	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34O)C	332.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives
(E)-but-2-enedioate;hydron	21883788	Click to see [H+].[H+].C(=CC(=O)[O-])C(=O)[O-]	116.07	unknown	via CMAUP database
Butanedioate;hydron	21952380	Click to see [H+].[H+].C(CC(=O)[O-])C(=O)[O-]	118.09	unknown	via CMAUP database
Glutaric acid	743	Click to see C(CC(=O)O)CC(=O)O	132.11	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Hydroxy acids and derivatives / Alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives
2-Oxonioacetate	3698251	Click to see C(C(=O)[O-])[OH2+]	76.05	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Secondary alcohols / Cyclohexanols
Sequoyitol	439990	Click to see COC1C(C(C(C(C1O)O)O)O)O	194.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/YAKUSHI1947.105.7_649
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthofurans
(1-Acetyloxy-6,6,9a-trimethyl-1,3,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydrobenzo[e][2]benzofuran-9-yl) acetate	85160360	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC(C2C1(C3C(OCC3=CC2)OC(=O)C)C)(C)C	336.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00753-9
(1,5-Diacetyloxy-6,6,9a-trimethyl-1,3,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydrobenzo[e][2]benzofuran-9-yl) acetate	85242756	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC(C2C1(C3C(OCC3=CC2OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)C)(C)C	394.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00753-9
(1,9-Diacetyloxy-6,6,9a-trimethyl-1,3,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydrobenzo[e][2]benzofuran-7-yl) acetate	85161814	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC(C2(C(C1(C)C)CC=C3C2C(OC3)OC(=O)C)C)OC(=O)C	394.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00753-9
[(1R,5aR,9S,9aR,9bR)-1-acetyloxy-6,6,9a-trimethyl-1,3,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydrobenzo[e][2]benzofuran-9-yl] acetate	162946085	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC(C2C1(C3C(OCC3=CC2)OC(=O)C)C)(C)C	336.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00753-9
[(1S,5aS,7S,9R,9aS,9bS)-1,9-diacetyloxy-6,6,9a-trimethyl-1,3,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydrobenzo[e][2]benzofuran-7-yl] acetate	163089109	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC(C2(C(C1(C)C)CC=C3C2C(OC3)OC(=O)C)C)OC(=O)C	394.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00753-9
[(1S,5S,5aS,9R,9aS,9bS)-1,5-diacetyloxy-6,6,9a-trimethyl-1,3,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydrobenzo[e][2]benzofuran-9-yl] acetate	162881803	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC(C2C1(C3C(OCC3=CC2OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)C)(C)C	394.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00753-9
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Quinoline carboxylic acids
Quininic acid	345824	Click to see COC1=CC2=C(C=CN=C2C=C1)C(=O)O	203.19	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Nephrolepis biserrata

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