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Dysoxylum malabaricum

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID644018b76094e309931074
Scientific name Dysoxylum malabaricum
Authority Bedd. ex C.DC.
First published in Monogr. Phan. 1: 491 (1878)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products:
Timber from Dysoxylum malabaricum is used for indoor furniture, interior joinery, cabinetry, flooring, millwork, and general carpentry where a stable, workable hardwood is desired.

Wood and fiber:
The species is a hardwood with fine-to-medium grain and typically pale-colored to light brown timber with interlocked grain. Volumetric shrinkage is moderate, leading to a tendency toward checking and distortion if not adequately dried. The wood is workable with hand and machine tools and takes a smooth finish. Common products include sawn lumber, veneers (particularly for decorative faces), and joinery stock. Volatile constituents may affect finishing with certain solvent-borne coatings; a suitable sealer/primer system is recommended.

Properties relevant to use:
Typical air-dry density is in the medium range, giving good strength-to-weight characteristics for indoor joinery. Grain interlock influences planing behavior and surface finishing, often favoring rotary-cut veneers. Moderate shrinkage implies careful seasoning and restrained assembly tolerances in finished goods. Workability, holding capacity for fasteners, and finishing compatibility underpin its suitability for furniture and joinery.

Sustainability and sourcing:
D. malabaricum is listed as Endangered (IUCN) and occurs in the Western Ghats. Natural populations are fragmented and subject to habitat loss. Commercial availability is therefore limited and dependent on plantation-grown stock, controlled harvesting, and CITES/Indian national regulatory compliance where applicable. Buyers typically rely on documented chain-of-custody and region-specific forestry approvals to assure legal and sustainable sourcing.

References: Pearson, R.S., and Brown, H.P. (1932) Indian Timbers; IUCN Red List; Trade records and local timber listings in Indian and Sri Lankan markets.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Alliaria malabarica Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 109. 1891 [5 Nov 1891]
Dysoxylum glandulosum Talbot Syst. List Trees Bombay : 39 (1894)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English white cedar
Malayalam വെള്ളകിൽ

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000658687
Tropicos 100327704
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:578224-1
The Plant List kew-2780055
Open Tree Of Life 59594
NCBI Taxonomy 693047
IUCN Red List 50126590
IPNI 578224-1
iNaturalist 498387
GBIF 3852884
Wikipedia Dysoxylum_malabaricum
Tropicos 100327641
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:578145-1
The Plant List kew-2779973
IPNI 578145-1
GBIF 3850144
CMAUP NPO9750

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Do habitat fragmentation and degradation influence the strength of fine-scale spatial genetic structure in plants? A global meta-analysis Miguel-Peñaloza A, Cultid-Medina CA, Pérez-Alquicira J, Rico Y AoB Plants 03-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10198778
doi:10.1093/aobpla/plad019
PMID:37214225
Do carbon stocks and floristic diversity of tropical homegardens vary along an elevational gradient and based on holding size in central Kerala, India? Kumar BM Agrofor Syst 07-Apr-2023
PMCID:PMC10081327
doi:10.1007/s10457-023-00821-7
PMID:37193256
Development, characterization, functional annotation and validation of genomic and genic-SSR markers using de novo next generation sequencing in Melia dubia Cav. Annapurna D, Warrier RR, Arunkumar AN, Aparna R, Sreedevi CN, Joshi G 3 Biotech 04-Jun-2021
PMCID:PMC8178428
doi:10.1007/s13205-021-02858-w
PMID:34109095
Status and consolidated list of threatened medicinal plants of India Gowthami R, Sharma N, Pandey R, Agrawal A Genet Resour Crop Evol 25-May-2021
PMCID:PMC8148398
doi:10.1007/s10722-021-01199-0
PMID:34054223
Flavonoids and Related Members of the Aromatic Polyketide Group in Human Health and Disease: Do They Really Work? Tauchen J, Huml L, Rimpelova S, Jurášek M Molecules 24-Aug-2020
PMCID:PMC7504053
doi:10.3390/molecules25173846
PMID:32847100
A Review of Resistance Mechanisms of Synthetic Insecticides and Botanicals, Phytochemicals, and Essential Oils as Alternative Larvicidal Agents Against Mosquitoes Senthil-Nathan S Front Physiol 25-Feb-2020
PMCID:PMC7052130
doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01591
PMID:32158396
An analysis of mating biases in trees Ismail SA, Kokko H Mol Ecol 09-Dec-2019
PMCID:PMC7003921
doi:10.1111/mec.15312
PMID:31755136
Invisible barriers: anthropogenic impacts on inter- and intra-specific interactions as drivers of landscape-independent fragmentation Berger-Tal O, Saltz D Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29-Jul-2019
PMCID:PMC6710564
doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0049
PMID:31352896
Edible wild mushrooms of the Western Ghats: Data on the ethnic knowledge Karun NC, Sridhar KR Data Brief 27-Jul-2017
PMCID:PMC5547233
doi:10.1016/j.dib.2017.07.067
PMID:28795109
Prospects for malaria control through manipulation of mosquito larval habitats and olfactory-mediated behavioural responses using plant-derived compounds Muema JM, Bargul JL, Njeru SN, Onyango JO, Imbahale SS Parasit Vectors 17-Apr-2017
PMCID:PMC5392979
doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2122-8
PMID:28412962
Bioefficacy of ecbolin A and ecbolin B isolated from Ecbolium viride (Forsk.) Alston on dengue vector Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) Reegan AD, Gandhi MR, Sivaraman G, Cecilia KF, Ravindhran R, Balakrishna K, Paulraj MG, Ignacimuthu S Parasite Epidemiol Control 06-Apr-2016
PMCID:PMC5991860
doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2016.03.004
PMID:29988190
The Efficacy of Chinese Medicinal Herbs towards Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) (Hemiptera, Phylloxeridae) Liu Y, Wang Z, Su J, Liu W, Hussain Dhiloo K, Guo Y PLoS One 17-Jul-2015
PMCID:PMC4505868
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128038
PMID:26186216
Screening for adulticidal activity against Anopheles arabiensis in ten plants used as mosquito repellent in South Africa Mavundza EJ, Maharaj R, Chukwujekwu JC, Finnie JF, Van Staden J Malar J 06-May-2014
PMCID:PMC4016781
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-173
PMID:24884500
Forest Trees in Human Modified Landscapes: Ecological and Genetic Drivers of Recruitment Failure in Dysoxylum malabaricum (Meliaceae) Ismail SA, Ghazoul J, Ravikanth G, Kushalappa CG, Uma Shaanker R, Kettle CJ PLoS One 18-Feb-2014
PMCID:PMC3928449
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089437
PMID:24558500
Viability of Cabralea canjerana extracts to control the South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus Magrini FE, Specht A, Gaio J, Girelli CP, Migues I, Heinzen H, Sartori VC, Cesio V J Insect Sci 01-Jan-2014
PMCID:PMC4206233
doi:10.1093/jis/14.1.47
PMID:25373194

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Diterpene glycosides
3-[(3aS,5aR,6S,9aR,9bR)-3-[(2S)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-6,9a,9b-trimethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,5a,7,8,9-decahydrocyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-yl]propanoic acid 138113877 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C(C1(C)CCC(=O)O)CCC3C2(CCC3C4(CCC(O4)C(C)(C)O)C)C)C 474.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-458X(199602)34:2<146::AID-OMR850>3.0.CO;2-U
3,4-Secodammar-4(28)-en-3-oic acid, 20,24-epoxy-25-hydroxy-, (24S)- 588519 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C(C1(C)CCC(=O)O)CCC3C2(CCC3C4(CCC(O4)C(C)(C)O)C)C)C 474.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
Shoreic Acid 12315515 Click to see 474.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
(20R,24S)-20,24-Epoxy-25-hydroxydammaran-3-one 4357290 Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC4C3(CCC4C5(CCC(O5)C(C)(C)O)C)C)C)C 458.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-458X(199602)34:2<146::AID-OMR850>3.0.CO;2-U
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
(8R,9R,10R,14S,17S)-17-[(2R,5S)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one 91884737 Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC4C3(CCC4C5(CCC(O5)C(C)(C)O)C)C)C)C 458.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
Cabraleadiol 21625899 Click to see 460.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-458X(199602)34:2<146::AID-OMR850>3.0.CO;2-U
Cabraleone 21625900 Click to see 458.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-458X(199602)34:2<146::AID-OMR850>3.0.CO;2-U
methyl 3-[(3S,3aR,5aR,6R,7R,9aR,9bR)-7-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3-[(2S,5S)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-6,9a,9b-trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,5a,7,8,9-decahydrocyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-yl]propanoate 100927656 Click to see 506.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
Methyl 3-[7-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3-[5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-6,9a,9b-trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,5a,7,8,9-decahydrocyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-yl]propanoate 77916107 Click to see 506.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
methyl foveolate A 70698185 Click to see 506.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
Ocotillol 3850493 Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1O)C)CCC4C3(CCC4C5(CCC(O5)C(C)(C)O)C)C)C)C 460.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-458X(199602)34:2<146::AID-OMR850>3.0.CO;2-U
Ocotillone 12313665 Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC4C3(CCC4C5(CCC(O5)C(C)(C)O)C)C)C)C 458.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(-)-spirocochlealactone A 146684388 Click to see 682.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
(5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bR)-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-one 101756733 Click to see 424.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
(5S,9R,10R,13S,14S,17S)-17-[(2R,3S,5R)-5-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxy-2-methylpropyl]-2-ethoxyoxolan-3-yl]-4,4,10,13,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,9,11,12,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one 163088585 Click to see 516.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
17-(2-Hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one 4220788 Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C1CCC2(C1CCC3C2(CCC4C3(CCC(=O)C4(C)C)C)C)C)O)C 442.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
17-[5-(1,2-Dihydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-2-ethoxyoxolan-3-yl]-4,4,10,13,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,9,11,12,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one 22297566 Click to see CCOC1C(CC(O1)C(C(C)(C)O)O)C2CCC3(C2(CCC4C3=CCC5C4(CCC(=O)C5(C)C)C)C)C 516.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
Dammarenediol 122880 Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C1CCC2(C1CCC3C2(CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)O)C)C)C)O)C 444.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
Dammarenediol II 10895555 Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C1CCC2(C1CCC3C2(CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)O)C)C)C)O)C 444.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
Dipterocarpol 441676 Click to see 442.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3beta)- 521518 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
Lup-20(29)-en-3-one 323075 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)C)C 424.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
Lupenone 92158 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)C)C 424.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
Lupeol 259846 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cycloartanols and derivatives
(1S,3R,6S,8R,11S,12S,15R,16R)-15-[(2R,5R)-5-hydroxy-6-methylhept-6-en-2-yl]-7,7,12,16-tetramethylpentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecan-6-ol 14313591 Click to see 442.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
(1S,3R,6S,8R,11S,12S,15R,16R)-15-[(2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-6-methylhept-6-en-2-yl]-7,7,12,16-tetramethylpentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecan-6-ol 14313592 Click to see 442.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
(24S)-Cycloartane-3|A,24,25-triol 14314549 Click to see CC(CCC(C(C)(C)O)O)C1CCC2(C1(CCC34C2CCC5C3(C4)CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C 460.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2007.07.013
[(3R,6R)-2-hydroxy-6-[(1S,3R,6S,8R,11S,12S,15R,16R)-6-hydroxy-7,7,12,16-tetramethyl-15-pentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecanyl]-2-methylheptan-3-yl] acetate 101093182 Click to see 502.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
[(3R,6R)-2-hydroxy-6-[(1S,3R,6S,8S,11R,12S,15R,16R)-6-hydroxy-7,7,12,16-tetramethyl-15-pentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecanyl]-2-methylheptan-3-yl] acetate 162899132 Click to see CC(CCC(C(C)(C)O)OC(=O)C)C1CCC2(C1(CCC34C2CCC5C3(C4)CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C 502.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
[2-Hydroxy-6-(6-hydroxy-7,7,12,16-tetramethyl-15-pentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecanyl)-2-methylheptan-3-yl] acetate 162899131 Click to see 502.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
24,25-Dihydroxycycloartan-3-one 101929808 Click to see CC(CCC(C(C)(C)O)O)C1CCC2(C1(CCC34C2CCC5C3(C4)CCC(=O)C5(C)C)C)C 458.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
CID 14313590 14313590 Click to see CC(CCC(C(=C)C)O)C1CCC2(C1(CCC34C2CCC5C3(C4)CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C 442.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
Cycloartane-3,24,25-triol 5270670 Click to see CC(CCC(C(C)(C)O)O)C1CCC2(C1(CCC34C2CCC5C3(C4)CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C 460.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00462-1
Cycloartane-3,24,25-triol 14314548 Click to see CC(CCC(C(C)(C)O)O)C1CCC2(C1(CCC34C2CCC5C3(C4)CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C 460.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2007.07.013
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00462-1
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids / Ergosterols and derivatives
(3S,4R,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-17-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-6-methyl-5-methylideneheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,4-diol 102446683 Click to see 430.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00462-1
(3S,7S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(2R)-6-methyl-5-methylideneheptan-2-yl]-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,7-diol 10949727 Click to see 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00462-1
10,13-dimethyl-17-(6-methyl-5-methylideneheptan-2-yl)-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,7-diol 14702498 Click to see 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00462-1
17-(2-hydroxy-6-methyl-5-methylideneheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,4-diol 85707698 Click to see 430.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00462-1
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroid acids / 3-carboxy steroids
(3R,5S,8R,9R,10S,13R,14R,17S)-17-[(2S,5S)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-8,10,14-trimethyl-4-methylidene-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3-carboxylic acid 163060814 Click to see 472.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-458X(199602)34:2<146::AID-OMR850>3.0.CO;2-U
17-[5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-8,10,14-trimethyl-4-methylidene-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3-carboxylic acid 163060813 Click to see 472.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-458X(199602)34:2<146::AID-OMR850>3.0.CO;2-U
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol 222284 Click to see 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 86821 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00413-1
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol 22012 Click to see 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89542-4
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Tetracarboxylic acids and derivatives
methyl 2-[(3R,4R)-4-[(1aR,3S,3aR,4R,5R,6R,7aS)-4,5-diacetyloxy-3-(furan-3-yl)-3a-methyl-7-methylidene-1a,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroindeno[1,7a-b]oxiren-6-yl]-2,2,4-trimethyl-7-oxo-3H-oxepin-3-yl]acetate 101420267 Click to see 570.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(98)00036-7

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