Azadirachta excelsa
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64400bf322093819546674 |
| Scientific name | Azadirachta excelsa |
| Authority | (Jack) M.Jacobs |
| First published in | Gard. Bull. Singapore 18: 75 (1961) |
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
The principal product derived from Azadirachta excelsa is sawn timber. Small‑scale veneer production and occasional glued‑laminated beams are also reported from logged trees.
Industrial and craft applications:
The wood is employed in furniture manufacture, interior joinery, flooring, and cabinetry. In some regional markets it is sliced into veneer for decorative panels and laminated panels. The species is also used for small craft items such as picture frames and turned wooden objects. In recent years, genomic sequencing of A. excelsa has provided a reference genome for the genus Azadirachta, supporting comparative genomics within the Meliaceae.
Wood and fiber:
A. excelsa yields a light‑hardwood with a typical density of 0.55–0.70 g cm⁻³. The grain is interlocked, producing a smooth, fine texture that takes a high‑gloss finish. The wood exhibits natural durability against termites and fungal decay, making it suitable for indoor applications where exposure to moisture is limited.
Properties relevant to use:
- Density and strength: Moderate density combined with good bending strength and moderate stiffness, allowing use in load‑bearing interior framing.
- Dimensional stability: Low shrinkage when dried to 12 % moisture content, minimizing warping in finished products.
- Natural resistance: High lignin content and the presence of secondary metabolites impart resistance to insect attack.
- Workability: The wood machines well with standard tools, accepts stains and varnishes readily, and produces a clean surface without excessive tearing.
Standards and regulation:
In Malaysia, the timber is graded under Malaysian Standard MS 544 (solid wood classification). International plywood and veneer standards such as ISO 2426 and ASTM D1036 are commonly applied to veneer production. The species is listed as “Least Concern” on the IUCN Red List, but national forest regulations in Thailand and Indonesia require harvest quotas and sustainable management plans for commercial extraction.
Sustainability and sourcing:
A. excelsa occurs in mixed dipterocarp forests and secondary growth areas. Sustainable harvest typically involves selective logging with a minimum diameter at breast height (DBH) of 30 cm, and replanting initiatives have been established in Peninsular Malaysia and northern Thailand. Certification schemes such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) have begun to include A. excelsa in their chain‑of‑custody programs, ensuring traceability from forest to mill.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Melia excelsa | Jack | Malayan Misc. 1(1): 12 (1820) |
| Trichilia excelsa | Spreng. | Syst. Veg. 4(2): 252 (1827) |
| Azadirachta integrifolia | Merr. | Philipp. J. Sci., C 4: 272. 1909 : use integrifoliola |
| Azadirachta integrifoliola | Merr. | Philipp. J. Sci., C 4: 272 (1909) |
| Azedarach excelsa | Kuntze | Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 110 (1891) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| Arabic | نيم عالي |
| German | sentang |
| Malay | pokok sentang |
| Thai | พืชจำพวกผัก |
| Thai | สะเดาเทียม |
| Chinese | 高大印楝 |
| Chinese | 菲律宾楝树 |
| Chinese | 菲律賓楝樹 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
-
Indo-China
- Myanmar
- Thailand
- Vietnam
-
Malesia
- Borneo
- Malaya
- Maluku
- Philippines
- Sulawesi
- Sumatera
-
Papuasia
- New Guinea
-
Indo-China
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000557667 |
| Tropicos | 100295990 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:577602-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2667001 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 6124739 |
| Observations.org | 340332 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 915270 |
| IUCN Red List | 61792368 |
| IPNI | 577602-1 |
| iNaturalist | 427980 |
| GBIF | 3852944 |
| Freebase | /m/0_qlmnb |
| EOL | 5617878 |
| Elurikkus | 425230 |
| USDA GRIN | 318652 |
| Wikipedia | Azadirachta_excelsa |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids / Limonoids | |||||
| [(1S,4S,5R,6S,7S,8R,11S,12R,14R,15S)-12-acetyloxy-4,7-dihydroxy-11-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(1S,2R,6S,8S,9R,11S)-2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl]-6-methyl-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecan-14-yl] (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | 162890111 | Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CC(C2(COC3C2C14COC(C4C(C3O)(C)C56C7CC(C5(O6)C)C8(C=COC8O7)O)O)CO)OC(=O)C | 634.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| [(4S,5R,6S,7S,8R,11S,12R,14R,15S)-12-acetyloxy-4,7-dihydroxy-11-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(1S,2R,6S,8S,9R,11S)-2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl]-6-methyl-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecan-14-yl] (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoate | 163185088 | Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CC(C2(COC3C2C14COC(C4C(C3O)(C)C56C7CC(C5(O6)C)C8(C=COC8O7)O)O)CO)OC(=O)C | 634.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| [(5S,7R,8R,9R,10S,11R,13S,17R)-11-hydroxy-17-[(2S,5R)-2-hydroxy-5-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl]-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethyl-3-oxo-5,6,7,9,11,12,16,17-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-yl] acetate | 159678982 | Click to see CC(C)CC1C=C(C(O1)O)C2CC=C3C2(CC(C4C3(C(CC5C4(C=CC(=O)C5(C)C)C)OC(=O)C)C)O)C | 526.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| 1,3-Diacetylazadirachtol | 11354348 | Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC(C2(COC3C2C14COC(C4C(C3O)(C)C56C7CC(C5(O6)C)C8(C=COC8O7)O)C(=O)OC)C(=O)OC)OC(=O)C | 664.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| azadirachtin B | 21725521 | Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CC(C23COC(C2C(C(C4C3C1(CO4)C(=O)OC)O)(C)C56C7CC(C5(O6)C)C8(C=COC8O7)O)C(=O)OC)O | 662.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| Azadirachtin H | 16722121 | Click to see | 662.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| azadirachtin L | 44559247 | Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CC(C2(COC3C2C14COC(C4C(C3O)(C)C56C7CC(C5(O6)C)C8(C=COC8O7)O)OC(=O)C)C(=O)OC)OC(=O)C | 704.70 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.199905157 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| Azadirachtin M | 10723437 | Click to see | 704.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| Azadirachtin O | 11170007 | Click to see CC(C)CC(=O)OC1CC(C2(COC3C2C14COC(C4C(C3O)(C)C56C7CC(C5(O6)C)C8(C=COC8O7)O)C(=O)OC)C(=O)OC)OC(=O)C | 706.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| Azadirachtin P | 11445241 | Click to see | 664.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| dimethyl (1R,4S,5R,6S,7S,8R,11S,12R,14S,15S)-12,14-diacetyloxy-7-hydroxy-6-[(1S,2R,6S,8S,9R,11S)-2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl]-6-methyl-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-4,11-dicarboxylate | 162933926 | Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC(C2(COC3C2C14COC(C4C(C3O)(C)C56C7CC(C5(O6)C)C8(C=COC8O7)O)C(=O)OC)C(=O)OC)OC(=O)C | 664.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| dimethyl (1S,4S,5R,6S,7S,11S,12R,14S,15R)-12-acetyloxy-4,7-dihydroxy-6-[(1S,2S,6S,9R,11S)-2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl]-6-methyl-14-[(E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-4,11-dicarboxylate | 131698851 | Click to see | 720.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.199905157 |
| dimethyl (1S,4S,5R,6S,7S,8R,11S,12R,14R,15R)-12-acetyloxy-7-hydroxy-6-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,9R,11S)-2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl]-6-methyl-14-(3-methylbutanoyloxy)-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-4,11-dicarboxylate | 162878968 | Click to see | 706.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| dimethyl (1S,5R,6S,7S,8R,11S,12R,14R,15R)-7,14-dihydroxy-6-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,9R,11S)-3-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl]-6-methyl-12-[(E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-4,11-dicarboxylate | 101919043 | Click to see | 662.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.199905157 |
| dimethyl (2aR,3S,4S,4aR,5S,7aS,8R,10R,10aS,10bR)-10-acetoxy-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(1aR,2S,3aS,6aS,7S,7aS)-6a-hydroxy-7a-methyl-3a,6a,7,7a-tetrahydro-2,7-methanofuro[2,3-b]oxireno[e]oxepin-1a(2H)-yl]-4-methyl-8-{[(2E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy}octahydro-1H-naphtho[1,8a-c:4,5-b'c']difuran-5,10a(8H)-dicarboxylate | 16126804 | Click to see | 720.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| Dimethyl 12-acetyloxy-7-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl)-6-methyl-14-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-4,11-dicarboxylate | 72363326 | Click to see | 704.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| Dimethyl 12-acetyloxy-7-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl)-6-methyl-14-(3-methylbutanoyloxy)-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-4,11-dicarboxylate | 85423185 | Click to see CC(C)CC(=O)OC1CC(C2(COC3C2C14COC(C4C(C3O)(C)C56C7CC(C5(O6)C)C8(C=COC8O7)O)C(=O)OC)C(=O)OC)OC(=O)C | 706.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| Dimethyl 12,14-diacetyloxy-7-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl)-6-methyl-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-4,11-dicarboxylate | 72813969 | Click to see | 664.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| Dimethyl 7,14-dihydroxy-6-(2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl)-6-methyl-12-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-4,11-dicarboxylate | 73824952 | Click to see | 662.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| methyl (1S,4R,5R,6S,7S,8R,11S,12R,14S,15R)-12-acetyloxy-4,7-dihydroxy-6-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,9R,11S)-2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl]-6-methyl-14-[(E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-11-carboxylate | 76327056 | Click to see | 662.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| methyl (1S,4S,5R,6S,7S,8R,11S,12R,14R,15S)-12-acetyloxy-4,7-dihydroxy-6-[(1S,2R,6S,8S,9R,11S)-2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl]-6-methyl-14-(3-methylbutanoyloxy)-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-11-carboxylate | 163028330 | Click to see | 664.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| methyl (1S,4S,5R,6S,7S,8R,11S,12R,14S,15R)-12-acetyloxy-4,7-dihydroxy-6-[(1S,2R,6S,8S,9R,11S)-2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl]-6-methyl-14-[(E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-11-carboxylate | 162876411 | Click to see | 662.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| methyl (4S,5R,6S,7S,8R,11S,12R,14R,15S)-12-acetyloxy-4,7-dihydroxy-6-[(1S,2R,6S,8S,9R,11S)-2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl]-6-methyl-14-(3-methylbutanoyloxy)-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-11-carboxylate | 163185624 | Click to see | 664.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| Methyl 12-acetyloxy-4,7-dihydroxy-6-(2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl)-6-methyl-14-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-11-carboxylate | 73310427 | Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CC(C2(COC3C2C14COC(C4C(C3O)(C)C56C7CC(C5(O6)C)C8(C=COC8O7)O)O)C(=O)OC)OC(=O)C | 662.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| Methyl 12-acetyloxy-4,7-dihydroxy-6-(2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl)-6-methyl-14-(3-methylbutanoyloxy)-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-11-carboxylate | 72964318 | Click to see | 664.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| methyl 2-[(1R,2S,4R,6R,9R,10R,11R,12S,15R,18S)-6-(furan-3-yl)-12-hydroxy-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadec-7-en-10-yl]acetate | 10718624 | Click to see CC1=C2C(CC1C3=COC=C3)OC4C2(C(C5(C(CCC6(C5C4OC6)C)O)C)CC(=O)OC)C | 456.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
| Methyl 2-[(1R,2S,4R,6R,9R,10S,11R,15R,18R)-6-(furan-3-yl)-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-12,16-dioxo-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadec-7-en-10-yl]acetate | 10671977 | Click to see CC1=C2C(CC1C3=COC=C3)OC4C2(C(C5(C6C4OC(=O)C6(CCC5=O)C)C)CC(=O)OC)C | 468.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
| methyl 2-[(1R,2S,4R,9R,11R,15R,18R)-6-(furan-3-yl)-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-12,16-dioxo-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadeca-7,13-dien-10-yl]acetate | 138115244 | Click to see | 466.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
| methyl 2-[(1S,2S,4S,6S,9R,10R,11R,15S,18R)-6-(furan-3-yl)-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-12,16-dioxo-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadeca-7,13-dien-10-yl]acetate | 154497094 | Click to see | 466.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
| Methyl 2-[6-(furan-3-yl)-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-12,16-dioxo-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadeca-7,13-dien-10-yl]acetate | 100017 | Click to see | 466.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
| Methyl 4,12-diacetyloxy-7-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,7,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.02,6.09,11]dodec-3-en-9-yl)-6-methyl-14-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-3,9-dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.01,5.011,15]pentadecane-11-carboxylate | 75069390 | Click to see | 704.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP050064T |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthofurans | |||||
| methyl 2-[(1R,2S,4R,6R,9R,10R,11R,12S,15R,18S)-6-(furan-2-yl)-12-hydroxy-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadec-7-en-10-yl]acetate | 162856263 | Click to see | 456.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
| methyl 2-[(1R,2S,4R,6R,9R,10S,11R,15R,18R)-6-(furan-2-yl)-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-12,16-dioxo-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadec-7-en-10-yl]acetate | 162990773 | Click to see | 468.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
| methyl 2-[(1R,2S,4R,6R,9R,10S,11R,15R,18R)-6-(furan-2-yl)-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-12,16-dioxo-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadeca-7,13-dien-10-yl]acetate | 163049714 | Click to see CC1=C2C(CC1C3=CC=CO3)OC4C2(C(C5(C6C4OC(=O)C6(C=CC5=O)C)C)CC(=O)OC)C | 466.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
| methyl 2-[(1R,2S,4R,6R,9R,10S,11R,15R,18S)-6-(furan-2-yl)-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-12-oxo-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadeca-7,13-dien-10-yl]acetate | 163186674 | Click to see CC1=C2C(CC1C3=CC=CO3)OC4C2(C(C5(C6C4OCC6(C=CC5=O)C)C)CC(=O)OC)C | 452.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
| Methyl 2-[6-(furan-2-yl)-12-hydroxy-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadec-7-en-10-yl]acetate | 162856262 | Click to see | 456.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
| Methyl 2-[6-(furan-2-yl)-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-12-oxo-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadeca-7,13-dien-10-yl]acetate | 162923271 | Click to see CC1=C2C(CC1C3=CC=CO3)OC4C2(C(C5(C6C4OCC6(C=CC5=O)C)C)CC(=O)OC)C | 452.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
| Methyl 2-[6-(furan-2-yl)-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-12,16-dioxo-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadec-7-en-10-yl]acetate | 162990772 | Click to see | 468.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
| Methyl 2-[6-(furan-2-yl)-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-12,16-dioxo-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadeca-7,13-dien-10-yl]acetate | 163049713 | Click to see | 466.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00711-5 |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |