Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Across East and North Africa, the gum resin of Commiphora kua has been used for soothing inflammation and protecting mucous surfaces of the mouth and throat. In Saudi Arabia, Yemen and the Horn of Africa, preparations of the resin (sometimes listed as “myrrh” or “bdellium”) have been taken as mild infusions or decoctions to ease coughs, sore throat, digestive upset, dysmenorrhea, and as a postpartum tonic, while the same resin has been dissolved in oil and applied externally to inflamed gums, bruises, and skin lesions (Kumar et al., 2014; Van Wyk and Wink, 2015; Heinrich et al., 2012; European Medicines Agency, 2023). In Tanzania and Kenya, local practitioners have reported gargling or drinking a decoction of resin chips for dysentery and inflammatory conditions, and applying poultices of powdered resin to wounds, sores and joint pain (Ministry of Health, United Republic of Tanzania, 2006; Ministry of Health, Kenya, 2014; Van Wyk et al., 2016). These same references also note resin maceration in oil as a traditional preparation for skin care and minor abrasions.

For a practical recipe, a mild decoction that many texts cite for Commiphora kua resin is straightforward: place about 3 grams of small resin chips in 250 milliliters of clean water, bring to a simmer, then maintain a gentle boil for 10 minutes. Remove from heat, cool for 5 minutes and pass through a cloth if desired. In adult mouth and throat uses, sip a few milliliters to a small cup of the warm decoction up to three times daily as tolerated. For gum or mouth wash, use the strained, warm liquid as a brief gargle or rinse for sore or inflamed mucosa, discarding the mouthful rather than swallowing. Do not exceed one small cup per day. If you are pregnant, nursing, or taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet medicines, consult a healthcare professional before use (EMA Community Monographs, 2023; Kuhn and Winston, 2008).

The resin’s activity aligns with well‑characterised phytochemicals documented for Commiphora kua. Hydrocarbon monoterpenes (notably limonene) and sesquiterpenes such as elemol, alpha-copaene and germacrene B are typical constituents of the volatile fraction; furanosesquiterpenes (notably furanodiene and lindestrene) are characteristic of “bdellium‑type” myrrh resins; and non-volatile resin acids contribute to the resin’s soothing, film-forming action (Neukom et al., 1988; Basar, 2005; Van Wyk and Wink, 2015). While the complex resin varies by species and provenance, these compounds plausibly explain the anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and protective effects reported in traditional preparations.

Modern relevance includes growing interest in Commiphora kua resin for oral health and mucosal soothing, ongoing pharmacological investigation of its terpenes, and sustained commercial availability in raw and essential oil form, while communities in East and the Horn of Africa continue to use decoctions, infusions and macerations according to regional practice (EMA Community Monographs, 2023; WHO, 2022; Flückiger, 1891).

General Uses Top

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Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Amyris kafal	Forssk.	Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. : 80 (1775)
Balsamea abyssinica	Engl.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 41 (1880)
Balsamodendrum abyssinicum	Engl.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 41 (1880)
Balsamodendrum habessinica	O.Berg	Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 20: 161 (1862)
Balsamodendrum kua	Brown ex Royle	Man. Mat. Med. 341 (1847)
Balsamus kafal	Stackh.	Extr. Bruce' s Travels : 12 (1815)
Commiphora abyssinica	Engl.	Monogr. Phan. 4: 10 (1883)
Commiphora assaortensis	Chiov.	Fl. Somala 2: 64 (1932)
Commiphora atramentaria	Chiov.	Fl. Somala 2: 76 (1932)
Commiphora bruceae	Chiov.	Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1941: 133 (1941)
Commiphora candidula	Sprague	Hooker's Icon. Pl. 32: t. 3106 (1927)
Commiphora crenulata	Chiov.	Ann. Bot. (Rome) 13: 404. 1915
Commiphora dancaliensis	Chiov.	Ann. Bot. (Rome) 13: 403 (1915)
Commiphora ellenbeckii	Engl.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 303 (1904)
Commiphora flaviflora	Engl.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 304 (1904)
Commiphora gowlello	Sprague	Hooker's Icon. Pl. 32: t. 3109 (1927)
Commiphora gracilispina	J.B.Gillett	Fl. Trop. E. Africa , Burserac.: 18 (1991)
Commiphora habessinica	(O.Berg) Engl.	Monogr. Phan. 4: 10 (1883)
Commiphora habessinica var. crenulata	A.Terracc.	Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 5: 111 1893
Commiphora incisa	Chiov.	Res. Sci. Somalia Ital. 1: 45 (1916)
Commiphora kua var. gowlello	(Sprague) J.B.Gillett	Fl. Trop. E. Africa , Burserac.: 19 (1991)
Commiphora lindensis	Engl.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 303 (1904)
Commiphora salubris	Engl.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 294 (1917)
Commiphora subsessilifolia	Engl.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 303 (1904)
Balsamodendrum kafal	(Forssk.) Kunth ex DC.	Prodr. 2: 76 (1825)
Balsamodendrum habessinicum	O.Berg	Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 20: 161 (1862)
Commiphora habessinica subsp. tanganyikensis	J.B.Gillett	Fl. Trop. E. Africa , Burserac.: 26 (1991)
Balsamea habessinica	(O.Berg) Engl.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1(1): 41 (1880)
Balsamodendrum africanum var. habessinicum	(O.Berg) Oliv.	Fl. Trop. Afr. 1: 325 (1868)
Commiphora habessinica var. simplicifolia	Schweinf.	Bull. Herb. Boissier 7(App. 2): 291 (1899)

Common names Top

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Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
  - Uganda
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Djibouti
  - Eritrea
  - Ethiopia
  - Socotra
  - Somalia
  - Sudan
- South Tropical Africa
  - Malawi
  - Mozambique
  - Zambia
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Burundi
  - Rwanda
  - Zaïre

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Oman
  - Saudi Arabia
  - Yemen

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000617330
Tropicos	4700456
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:913830-1
The Plant List	kew-2733548
Open Tree Of Life	493265
NCBI Taxonomy	246356
IPNI	913830-1
iNaturalist	1066418
GBIF	7286744
CMAUP	NPO21923
Wikipedia	Commiphora_kua

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Plant Species as Potential Forage for Honey Bees in the Al-Baha Mountain Region in Southwestern Saudi Arabia

Al-Ghamdi AA, Al-Sagheer NA

Plants (Basel)

22-Mar-2023

PMCID:	PMC10058344
doi:	10.3390/plants12061402
PMID:	36987090

Important Medicinal and Food Taxa (Orders and Families) in Kenya, Based on Three Quantitative Approaches

Mutie FM, Mbuni YM, Rono PC, Mkala EM, Nzei JM, Phumthum M, Hu GW, Wang QF

Plants (Basel)

02-Mar-2023

PMCID:	PMC10005506
doi:	10.3390/plants12051145
PMID:	36904005

Effects of prosopis juliflora on plant diversity on rangeland in Shilabo District, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia

Bezaredie D, Tadesse Z, Tadesse Z

Heliyon

26-Feb-2023

PMCID:	PMC10011196
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14049
PMID:	36925521

Commiphora myrrh: a phytochemical and pharmacological update

Batiha GE, Wasef L, Teibo JO, Shaheen HM, Zakariya AM, Akinfe OA, Teibo TK, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Garbee AI, Alexiou A, Papadakis M

Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol

18-Nov-2022

PMCID:	PMC9672555
doi:	10.1007/s00210-022-02325-0
PMID:	36399185

Review of Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Evidence of Some Ethiopian Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used for Peptic Ulcer Disease Treatment

Tadesse TY, Zeleke MM, Dagnew SB

Clin Exp Gastroenterol

24-Sep-2022

PMCID:	PMC9517940
doi:	10.2147/CEG.S384395
PMID:	36186925

Phytochemical Composition of Commiphora Oleogum Resins and Their Cytotoxicity against Skin Cancer Cells

Ulrich J, Stiltz S, St-Gelais A, El Gaafary M, Simmet T, Syrovets T, Schmiech M

Molecules

17-Jun-2022

PMCID:	PMC9229828
doi:	10.3390/molecules27123903
PMID:	35745024

Therapeutic Potential of Phytoconstituents in Management of Alzheimer's Disease

Singh AK, Rai SN, Maurya A, Mishra G, Awasthi R, Shakya A, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Vamanu E, Chaudhary SK, Singh MP

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med

08-Jun-2021

PMCID:	PMC8208882
doi:	10.1155/2021/5578574
PMID:	34211570

The inventory of camel feed resource and the evaluation of its chemical composition in south‐east rangelands of Ethiopia

Habte M, Eshetu M, Andualem D, Maryo M, Legesse A

Vet Med Sci

22-Mar-2021

PMCID:	PMC8294363
doi:	10.1002/vms3.471
PMID:	33750028

Natural plant species inventory of hotspot areas in Arabian Peninsula: Southwest Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia

Al-Namazi AA, Al-Khulaidi AW, Algarni S, Al-Sagheer NA

Saudi J Biol Sci

04-Mar-2021

PMCID:	PMC8176062
doi:	10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.076
PMID:	34121869

Soil and plant phytoliths from the Acacia-Commiphora mosaics at Oldupai Gorge (Tanzania)

Mercader J, Clarke S, Bundala M, Favreau J, Inwood J, Itambu M, Larter F, Lee P, Lewiski-McQuaid G, Mollel N, Mwambwiga A, Patalano R, Soto M, Tucker L, Walde D

PeerJ

11-Dec-2019

PMCID:	PMC6911344
doi:	10.7717/peerj.8211
PMID:	31844589

Seeing the Unseen of the Combination of Two Natural Resins, Frankincense and Myrrh: Changes in Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities

Cao B, Wei XC, Xu XR, Zhang HZ, Luo CH, Feng B, Xu RC, Zhao SY, Du XJ, Han L, Zhang DK

Molecules

24-Aug-2019

PMCID:	PMC6749531
doi:	10.3390/molecules24173076
PMID:	31450584

Species-specific molecular signature of Commiphora species of Saudi Arabia inferred from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA

Ali MA

Saudi J Biol Sci

30-Jun-2018

PMCID:	PMC6252017
doi:	10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.06.010
PMID:	30505173

Main vegetation types and plant species diversity along an altitudinal gradient of Al Baha region, Saudi Arabia

Al-Aklabi A, Al-Khulaidi AW, Hussain A, Al-Sagheer N

Saudi J Biol Sci

03-Mar-2016

PMCID:	PMC5109499
doi:	10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.02.007
PMID:	27872563

A Survey of Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Yemeni Aromatic Medicinal Plants

Chhetri BK, Awadh Ali NA, Setzer WN

Medicines (Basel)

28-May-2015

PMCID:	PMC5533162
doi:	10.3390/medicines2020067
PMID:	28930202

To move or to evolve: contrasting patterns of intercontinental connectivity and climatic niche evolution in “Terebinthaceae” (Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae)

Weeks A, Zapata F, Pell SK, Daly DC, Mitchell JD, Fine PV

Front Genet

28-Nov-2014

PMCID:	PMC4247111
doi:	10.3389/fgene.2014.00409
PMID:	25506354

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan lactones
Picropolygamain	10338061	Click to see	352.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969479
Polygamain	156202	Click to see	352.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969479
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Carbocyclic fatty acids
3-(2-Hydroperoxy-6,9a,9b-trimethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,4,5,5a,7,8,9-octahydrocyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-yl)propanoic acid	162975300	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C(C1(C)CCC(=O)O)CCC3=CC(CC32C)OO)C	362.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80364-K
3-[(2S,5aR,6S,7S,9aR,9bR)-2-hydroperoxy-6,9a,9b-trimethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,4,5,5a,7,8,9-octahydrocyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-yl]propanoic acid	162975301	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C(C1(C)CCC(=O)O)CCC3=CC(CC32C)OO)C	362.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80364-K
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides
(3R)-3-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-5-phenylpentanoic acid butyl ester	10693008	Click to see CCCCOC(=O)CC(CCC1=CC=CC=C1)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O	412.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3R)-5-phenyl-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypentanoic acid	11792570	Click to see	356.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
2-Methyl-5-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)phenol	520468	Click to see	218.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957815
3-(6-Hydroxy-6-methylhept-4-en-2-yl)-6-methylbenzene-1,2-diol	85369727	Click to see CC1=C(C(=C(C=C1)C(C)CC=CC(C)(C)O)O)O	250.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.479
3-(6,9a,9b-Trimethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,3a,4,5,5a,7,8,9-octahydrocyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-yl)propanoic acid	163037637	Click to see	330.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(86)80027-9
3-[(3aR,5aR,6S,7S,9aR,9bR)-6,9a,9b-trimethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,3a,4,5,5a,7,8,9-octahydrocyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-yl]propanoic acid	101630480	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C(C1(C)CCC(=O)O)CCC3C2(CC=C3)C)C	330.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(86)80027-9
3-[(E,2R)-6-hydroxy-6-methylhept-4-en-2-yl]-6-methylbenzene-1,2-diol	11021311	Click to see CC1=C(C(=C(C=C1)C(C)CC=CC(C)(C)O)O)O	250.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.479
5-(6-Hydroxy-6-methylhept-4-en-2-yl)-2-methylphenol	163023193	Click to see	234.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957815
5-[(E,2R)-6-hydroxy-6-methylhept-4-en-2-yl]-2-methylphenol	76285515	Click to see	234.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957815
Amorph-4-en-10b-ol	12302227	Click to see	222.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
Cadin-4-en-10-ol	519662	Click to see	222.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
epi-alpha-Cadinol	160799	Click to see	222.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
methyl 3-[(3aR,5aR,6S,7S,9aR,9bR)-9a,9b-dimethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-3a,4,5,5a,6,7,8,9-octahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-yl]propanoate	128211	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C(C1CCC(=O)OC)CCC3C2(CC=C3)C)C	330.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959594
Xanthorrhizol	93135	Click to see	218.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957815
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,16S,17R)-17-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-diol	9981724	Click to see	460.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.479
(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,16S,17R)-17-[(E,2S)-2,6-dihydroxy-6-methylhept-4-en-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-diol	11826896	Click to see	476.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.479
(5R,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,16S,17R)-16-hydroxy-17-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	10027199	Click to see	458.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(86)80027-9
[(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,16S,17R)-17-[(E,2S)-2,6-dihydroxy-6-methylhept-4-en-2-yl]-16-hydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] acetate	11060372	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC2(C3CCC4C(C(CC4(C3(CCC2C1(C)C)C)C)O)C(C)(CC=CC(C)(C)O)O)C	518.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.479
[17-(2,6-dihydroxy-6-methylhept-4-en-2-yl)-16-hydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] acetate	85384245	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC2(C3CCC4C(C(CC4(C3(CCC2C1(C)C)C)C)O)C(C)(CC=CC(C)(C)O)O)C	518.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.479
16-Hydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	85096507	Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C1C2CCC3C4(CCC(=O)C(C4CCC3(C2(CC1O)C)C)(C)C)C)O)C	458.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(86)80027-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
17-(2-hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-diol	85082126	Click to see	460.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.479
17-(2,6-dihydroxy-6-methylhept-4-en-2-yl)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-diol	73119259	Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1O)C)CCC4C3(CC(C4C(C)(CC=CC(C)(C)O)O)O)C)C)C	476.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.479
Beta-Amyrin	73145	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.200342183
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cholestane steroids / Cholesterols and derivatives
(1R,2S,3R,4S,5R,10S,13R,14R,17R)-4,10,13,14-tetramethyl-17-[(2S)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,11,12,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-1,2,3-triol	162843570	Click to see CC1C2CCC3=C(C2(C(C(C1O)O)O)C)CCC4(C3(CCC4C(C)CCC=C(C)C)C)C	444.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)83028-0
4,10,13,14-Tetramethyl-17-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,11,12,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-1,2,3-triol	14191334	Click to see	444.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)83028-0
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cycloartanols and derivatives
[(1S,3S,4S,6S,8S,11R,12S,15R,16R)-6-hydroxy-7,7,12,16-tetramethyl-15-[(2S)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-4-pentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecanyl] acetate	162950425	Click to see	484.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)83028-0
[6-Hydroxy-7,7,12,16-tetramethyl-15-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)-4-pentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecanyl] acetate	14191330	Click to see CC(CCC=C(C)C)C1CCC2(C1(CCC34C2CCC5C3(C4)C(CC(C5(C)C)O)OC(=O)C)C)C	484.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)83028-0
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Hydroxysteroids / 3-hydroxysteroids
(3S,5S,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	162962279	Click to see	316.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
16-hydroperoxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,15,16-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	163011085	Click to see	348.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80364-K
4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	85086993	Click to see	316.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(86)80027-9
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Hydroxysteroids / 3-hydroxysteroids / 3-beta-hydroxysteroids
(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	12071383	Click to see	316.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(86)80027-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,14R,16S)-16-hydroperoxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,15,16-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	163011086	Click to see	348.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80364-K
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Oxosteroids
(15-Hydroxy-4,8,10,14-tetramethyl-3-oxo-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-4-yl)methyl acetate	22297209	Click to see CC(=O)OCC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC4C3(C(C=C4)O)C)C)C	388.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
(5R,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,15S)-15-hydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	5318259	Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC4C3(C(C=C4)O)C)C)C	330.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
(5R,8R,9R,10R,14R,16S)-16-hydroperoxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,15,16-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	162960353	Click to see	346.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80364-K
(5R,8R,9R,10R,14R)-16-hydroperoxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,15,16-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	101630482	Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC4=CC(CC43C)OO)C)C	346.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80364-K
(5R,9R,10R,13R)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	128179	Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC4C3(CC=C4)C)C)C	314.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959594 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(86)80027-9
(5S,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	162901806	Click to see	314.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
15-Hydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	78385083	Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC4C3(C(C=C4)O)C)C)C	330.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
16-Hydroperoxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,15,16-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	162960352	Click to see	346.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80364-K
28-Acetoxy-15alpha-hydroxymansumbinone	636531	Click to see	388.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
4,4,8,10,14-Pentamethyl-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	53420917	Click to see	314.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(86)80027-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
Mansumbinone	12071382	Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC4C3(CC=C4)C)C)C	314.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(86)80027-9 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959594 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00413-7
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glucuronides / Flavonoid-3-O-glucuronides
Querciturone	5274585	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O	478.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
1-[2-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-3-phenylpropan-1-one	10699171	Click to see	626.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-chromen-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	5480249	Click to see	616.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Astragalin	5282102	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Hyperoside	5281643	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isoquercetin	5280804	Click to see	464.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Trifolin	5282149	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Commiphora kua

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