Santalum spicatum

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Common products:
Sandalwood essential oil distilled from heartwood and roots; small-scale carved wood articles (jewelry, chess pieces, ornamental objects, incense).

Industrial and craft applications:
Wood for specialty carving and marquetry; distilled marc used as biomass fuel or composted.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
No established non-medicinal food or beverage uses are documented for this taxon.

Colorants and tanning:
No documented use for dyes or tannins.

Wood and fiber:
Hard, fine-grained heartwood suitable for carving and turnery; not used for structural timber; not a bast fiber source.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Oil is used in perfumery and fine fragrances as a base note; incorporated into soaps, detergents, and cosmetics where a sandalwood-type aroma is desired. It is also used in incense.

Properties relevant to use:
Oil typically 2–6% of dry heartwood/roots, with santalol content commonly 35–50% of the oil. Representative physicochemical properties: density 0.965–0.980 g/mL at 20 °C; optical rotation −16° to −30°; refractive index 1.500–1.510; acid value usually ≤2; ester value typically 4–12; saponification value 6–20. The high santalol fraction and appropriate physical constants support use in perfumery and fragrance applications.

Standards and regulation:
Essential oil characteristics commonly follow specifications analogous to ISO 3518 for sandalwood oil; the specific applicability to S. spicatum oil is noted in trade and technical literature. International trade is regulated under CITES Appendix II; national and state permits govern harvesting and trade in Australia.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Wild populations have been severely depleted by historical harvesting, leading to the species being assessed as vulnerable nationally and threatened in Western Australia. Conservation and sustainable-use programs have been developed, and plantations have been established; international trade requires CITES documentation and compliance with national/state licensing.

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No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

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