Ximenia americana
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID643ffb9e2c458016851425 |
| Scientific name | Ximenia americana |
| Authority | L. |
| First published in | Sp. Pl. : 1193 (1753) |
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
- Fresh fruit, eaten directly or processed into jams, jellies and fruit pulp.
- Seed oil, expressed from kernels, used as an edible oil and evaluated as a biodiesel feedstock.
Industrial and craft applications:
- Fuelwood and charcoal production; widely used in many African regions.
- Small‑scale timber for light construction (beams, roofing), tool handles and turned wooden items.
- Bark extract used as a vegetable tanning agent in leather processing and as a natural brown dye for protein fibers.
Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
- Fruit pulp is boiled with sugar to make jam or used as a sauce for grilled fish and meat.
- Seed oil is employed as a culinary oil for frying and cooking, valued for its neutral flavor and oxidative stability.
Colorants and tanning:
- The bark yields a hydrolysable tannin extract (≈15–20 % gallotannins) that imparts a brown colour to vegetable‑tanned leather and serves as a natural brown dye for wool and silk.
Wood and fiber:
- Wood has a basic density of 0.65–0.70 g cm⁻³ and a modulus of rupture of ≈45 MPa, suitable for non‑structural construction, furniture, carving and turnery; it also serves as fuelwood.
Properties relevant to use:
- Seed oil: oleic ≈70 % of total fatty acids, iodine ≈102 g I₂ 100 g⁻¹, saponification ≈192 mg KOH g⁻¹, peroxide ≤2 meq O₂ kg⁻¹, acid
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Ximenia exarmata | F.Muell. | Trans. & Proc. Philos. Inst. Victoria 3: 22 (1859) |
| Ximenia arborescens | Tussac ex Walp. | Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 377 (1842) |
| Ximenia subscandens | Griff. | Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 691 (1854) |
| Ximenia oblonga | Lam. ex Hemsl. | Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 1: 185 (1879) |
| Ximenia multiflora | Jacq. | Enum. Syst. Pl. : 19 (1760) |
| Ximenia montana | Macfad. | Fl. Jamaica 1: 121 (1837) |
| Ximenia inermis | L. | Sp. Pl. ed. 2 : 497 (1762) |
| Ziziphus littorea | Teijsm. ex Hassk. | Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle 9: 176 (1866) |
| Heymassoli spinosa | Aubl. | Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 324 (1775) |
| Ximenia aculeata | Crantz | Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 381 (1766) |
| Ximenia elliptica | G.Forst. | Fl. Ins. Austr. : 27 (1786) |
| Ximenia fluminensis | M.Roem. | Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 1: 22 (1846) |
| Ximenia laurina | Delile | Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 2, 20: 89 (1843) |
| Ximenia loranthifolia | Span. | Linnaea 15: 177 (1841) |
| Ximenia rogersii | Burtt Davy | Man. Pl. Transvaal 2: 454 (1932) |
| Amyris arborescens | P.Browne | Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica 209 1756 |
| Heymassoli inermis | Aubl. | Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 324 (1775) |
| Ximenia americana var. ovata | DC. | Prodr. 1: 533 (1824) |
| Ximenia verrucosa | M.Roem. | Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 1: 23 (1846) |
| Ximenia americana f. inermis | (Aubl.) Engl. | Fl. Bras. (Martius) 12(2): 9. 1872 [1 Dec 1872] |
| Ximenia americana var. oblonga | DC. | Prodr. 1: 533 (1824) |
| Ximenia americana var. argentinensis | DeFilipps | Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 62: 351 (1969) |
| Ximenia russeliana | Wall. | Numer. List : n.° 6784 (1832) |
| Ximenia gabonensis | Baill. ex Laness. | Pl. Util. Col. Franç. : 834 (1886) |
| Ximenia americana var. microphylla | Welw. ex Oliv. | Fl. Trop. Afr. 1: 347 (1868) |
| Ximenia americana var. sphaerica | Chiov. | Atti Reale Accad. Italia, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. 11: 25 (1940) |
| Ximenia americana var. oxypyrena | Chiov. | Atti Reale Accad. Italia, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. 11: 25 (1940) |
| Ximenia americana var. elliptica | Valeton | Crit. Overz. Olacin. : 76 (1886) |
| Ximenia americana var. inermis | Hochst. | Flora 27: 97 (1844) |
| Ximenia spinosa | (Aubl.) Lam. ex Forsyth f. | Bot. Nomencl. : 228 (1794) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | tallow wood |
| Amharic | እንኮይ |
| Bambara | ntɔnkɛ |
| Czech | ximenie americká |
| dag | liliŋga |
| Persian | زیمنیا امریکنا |
| Fulah | saɓɓulere |
| Finnish | luumupapinmarja |
| Hausa | tsada |
| Malay | bedara laut |
| Portuguese | ximenia montana |
| Portuguese | ximenia fluminensis |
| Portuguese | ximenia arborescens |
| Portuguese | ximenia aculeata |
| Portuguese | ximénia |
| Portuguese | sândalo do brasil |
| Portuguese | omupeke |
| Portuguese | mepeque |
| Portuguese | mepeke |
| Portuguese | limão-bravo-do-brejo |
| Portuguese | limão bravo do brejo |
| Portuguese | espinheiro de ameixa |
| Portuguese | ameixeira do brasil |
| Portuguese | ameixa do mato |
| Portuguese | ameixa da terra |
| Russian | Ксимения американская |
| Thai | พุทราทะเล |
| Chinese | 西门木 |
| Chinese | 山梅树 |
| Chinese | 海檀木 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Africa click to expand
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East Tropical Africa
- Kenya
- Tanzania
- Uganda
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Macaronesia
- Cape Verde
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Northeast Tropical Africa
- Chad
- Djibouti
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Somalia
- Sudan
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South Tropical Africa
- Angola
- Malawi
- Mozambique
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
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Southern Africa
- Botswana
- Caprivi Strip
- Kwazulu-Natal
- Namibia
- Northern Provinces
- Swaziland
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West Tropical Africa
- Benin
- Burkina
- Gambia
- Ghana
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Ivory Coast
- Liberia
- Mali
- Niger
- Nigeria
- Senegal
- Sierra Leone
- Togo
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West-central Tropical Africa
- Cameroon
- Central African Republic
- Congo
- Gabon
- Gulf Of Guinea Islands
- Zaïre
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Western Indian Ocean
- Chagos Archipelago
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East Tropical Africa
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Asia-temperate click to expand
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China
- Hainan
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China
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Asia-tropical click to expand
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Indian Subcontinent
- Bangladesh
- India
- Sri Lanka
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Indo-China
- Andaman Islands
- Myanmar
- Nicobar Nicobar
- Thailand
- Vietnam
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Malesia
- Borneo
- Christmas Island
- Cocos (keeling) Islands
- Jawa
- Lesser Sunda Islands
- Malaya
- Maluku
- Philippines
- Sulawesi
- Sumatera
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Papuasia
- Bismarck Archipelago
- New Guinea
- Solomon Islands
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Indian Subcontinent
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Australasia click to expand
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Australia
- Queensland
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Australia
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Northern America click to expand
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Mexico
- Mexico Central
- Mexico Gulf
- Mexico Northeast
- Mexico Southeast
- Mexico Southwest
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Southeastern U.S.A.
- Florida
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Mexico
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Pacific click to expand
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Northwestern Pacific
- Caroline Islands
- Marianas
- Marshall Islands
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South-central Pacific
- Cook Islands
- Line Islands
- Society Islands
- Tuamotu
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Southwestern Pacific
- Fiji
- New Caledonia
- Niue
- Samoa
- Tokelau-manihiki
- Tonga
- Tuvalu
- Vanuatu
- Wallis-Futuna Islands
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Northwestern Pacific
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Southern America click to expand
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Brazil
- Brazil North
- Brazil Northeast
- Brazil South
- Brazil Southeast
- Brazil West-central
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Caribbean
- Bahamas
- Cayman Islands
- Cuba
- Dominican Republic
- Haiti
- Jamaica
- Leeward Islands
- Netherlands Antilles
- Puerto Rico
- Trinidad-Tobago
- Turks-caicos Islands
- Venezuelan Antilles
- Windward Islands
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Central America
- Belize
- Costa Rica
- El Salvador
- Guatemala
- Honduras
- Nicaragua
- Panamá
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Northern South America
- French Guiana
- Guyana
- Suriname
- Venezuela
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Southern South America
- Argentina Northeast
- Argentina Northwest
- Paraguay
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Western South America
- Bolivia
- Colombia
- Ecuador
-
Brazil
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000428247 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:608579-1 |
| IPNI | 608579-1 |
| GBIF | 3685752 |
| Florida Plant Atlas | 2127 |
| USDA Plants | XIAM |
| Tropicos | 22900001 |
| INPN | 447422 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316341-2 |
| The Plant List | kew-2467228 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 1015539 |
| Observations.org | 198969 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 50174 |
| Nature Serve | 2.157254 |
| IUCN Red List | 146188276 |
| IPNI | 316341-2 |
| iNaturalist | 83832 |
| iNaturalist | 243419 |
| GBIF | 2889811 |
| Freebase | /m/04f393c |
| EPPO | XIMAM |
| EOL | 582703 |
| Elurikkus | 325428 |
| USDA GRIN | 42110 |
| Wikipedia | Ximenia_americana |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Phytochemical Profile Top
Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| (10Z,14E,16E)-10,14,16-Octadecatrien-12-ynoic acid | 10731060 | Click to see | 274.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF990550K |
| 5-Octadecynoic acid | 5312694 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCC#CCCCC(=O)O | 280.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF990550K |
| 6-Octadecynoic Acid | 235711 | Click to see | 280.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF990550K |
| Octadeca-10,14,16-trien-12-ynoic acid | 85248526 | Click to see CC=CC=CC#CC=CCCCCCCCCC(=O)O | 274.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/JF990550K |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Very long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| (17Z)-17-Hexacosenoic acid | 5282775 | Click to see | 394.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19390461202 |
| 21-Triacontaenoic acid | 54252776 | Click to see CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O | 450.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19390461202 |
| Hexacos-17-enoic acid | 54280271 | Click to see | 394.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19390461202 |
| Hexacosanoic Acid | 10469 | Click to see | 396.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19390461202 |
| Lumequeic acid | 5282777 | Click to see CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O | 450.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/LIPI.19390461202 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| Beta-Amyrin | 73145 | Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1076/PHBI.38.5.391.5972 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| (1R,5S,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-1,13-dimethyl-2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one | 163042477 | Click to see | 414.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200800289 |
| 17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-1,13-dimethyl-2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one | 163042476 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4C3C(CC(=O)C4)C)C)C(C)C | 414.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200800289 |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids | |||||
| (4aR,9aR)-1,1-dimethyl-4-methylidene-3,4a,5,8,9,9a-hexahydro-2H-benzo[7]annulene-7-carboxylic acid | 25195302 | Click to see CC1(CCC(=C)C2C1CCC(=CC2)C(=O)O)C | 234.33 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200800289 |
| 1,1-dimethyl-4-methylidene-3,4a,5,8,9,9a-hexahydro-2H-benzo[7]annulene-7-carboxylic acid | 74405834 | Click to see CC1(CCC(=C)C2C1CCC(=CC2)C(=O)O)C | 234.33 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200800289 |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |