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Aconitum baicalense

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID644006f029a61018038029
Scientific name Aconitum baicalense
Authority Turcz. ex Rapaics
First published in Növényt. Közlem. 6: 148 (1907)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products: The species is cultivated primarily as an ornamental herbaceous perennial. Its tall, erect spikes of helmet‑shaped, violet‑blue to whitish flowers make it a popular choice for perennial borders, rock gardens, cottage‑style plantings, and naturalistic meadow‑style plantings. It is listed in horticultural reference works and offered by specialist nurseries as potted plants and cut flowering stems. The plant tolerates USDA hardiness zones 4–7, prefers moist, well‑drained soils, and grows in partial shade, supporting use in a wide range of garden designs from shaded woodland edges to sunny borders. In addition, the species is supplied to academic and commercial laboratories as a source of leaf, stem, seed, and root tissue for molecular, genetic, and biochemical investigations, especially studies of the biosynthesis and regulation of diterpenoid alkaloids.

Properties relevant to use: A herbaceous perennial reaching 0.6–1.2 m in height, with deeply lobed, dark‑green leaves and terminal racemes of nodding, helmet‑shaped blossoms that open from July to August. The inflorescence provides vertical accent in mixed borders, while the flower colour attracts pollinators such as bees and butterflies without providing edible nectar to mammalian herbivores because of toxicity. The plant accumulates C19‑diterpenoid alkaloids (e.g., aconitine‑type compounds) mainly in roots and stems; this chemical profile confers natural resistance to many pests. These alkaloids belong to the C19‑diterpene class, characterized by a C20 skeleton lacking a C1 unit, and their biosynthetic pathway is a focus of non‑medicinal research. Propagation is achieved by seed or division; the species prefers moist, loamy soils with organic matter and tolerates light shade, making it suitable for commercial nursery production under standard horticultural practices. The presence of toxic alkaloids requires handling with gloves but does not affect ornamental or research applications.

Sustainability and sourcing: Conservation status: Aconitum baicalense is not listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List and is not included in CITES appendices. Its broad distribution across Siberia, Mongolia and northern China indicates stable wild populations. The ornamental trade relies almost entirely on cultivated material; commercial propagation is carried out by specialist nurseries that grow the species from seed or division in controlled environments, reducing pressure on wild plants. No restrictions on trade or collection have been reported under national plant protection regulations, and the species is available through horticultural catalogs without additional compliance requirements.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Aconitum ambiguum subsp. baicalense (Turcz. ex Rapaics) Vorosch. Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. , n.s., 93(1): 90 (1988)
Aconitum czekanovskyi Steinb. Fl. URSS 7: 733 (1937)
Aconitum jamalicum Govor. Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 28: 190 (1943)
Aconitum longiracemosum Vorosch. Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 64: 35 (1967)
Aconitum montibaicalense Vorosch. Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 64: 35 (1967)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Bulgarian Байкалска самакитка
Russian Борец байкальский

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds immediately as their viability decreases rapidly, or they best germinate when fresh. If stored, seeds might need temperature cycling and patience to germinate.
seed very poisonous, wash hands after handling, 20°C x 4 weeks, then -7°C x 6 weeks, then 10°C,

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-temperate
    • Mongolia
      • Mongolia
    • Russian Far East
      • Amur
    • Siberia
      • Altay
      • Buryatiya
      • Irkutsk
      • Krasnoyarsk
      • Tuva
      • West Siberia
      • Yakutskiya

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000516952
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:707185-1
The Plant List kew-2618412
Open Tree Of Life 1014257
Observations.org 113898
NCBI Taxonomy 50863
IPNI 707185-1
iNaturalist 861247
GBIF 3927072
EOL 2905393
Elurikkus 608773
USDA GRIN 413486

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Case Study of Diesters of o-Phthalic Acid in Surface Waters with Background Levels of Pollution Gorshkov A, Grigoryeva T, Bukin Y, Kuzmin A Toxics 19-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10611372
doi:10.3390/toxics11100869
PMID:37888719
Neuropharmacological Potential of Diterpenoid Alkaloids Salehi A, Ghanadian M, Zolfaghari B, Jassbi AR, Fattahian M, Reisi P, Csupor D, Khan IA, Ali Z Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 14-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10223254
doi:10.3390/ph16050747
PMID:37242531
Mechanistic insights into the role of plant polyphenols and their nano-formulations in the management of depression Kabra A, Garg R, Brimson J, Živković J, Almawash S, Ayaz M, Nawaz A, Hassan SS, Bungau S Front Pharmacol 07-Nov-2022
PMCID:PMC9676275
doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1046599
PMID:36419621
Depression: An Insight into Heterocyclic and Cyclic Hydrocarbon Compounds Inspired from Natural Sources Shah AJ, Mir RH, Pottoo FH, Masoodi MH, Bhat ZA Curr Neuropharmacol 15-Nov-2021
PMCID:PMC9185790
doi:10.2174/1570159X19666210426115234
PMID:33902421
Plant Alkaloids as an Emerging Therapeutic Alternative for the Treatment of Depression Perviz S, Khan H, Pervaiz A Front Pharmacol 15-Feb-2016
PMCID:PMC4753303
doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00028
PMID:26913004
The Structure of Two New Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum napellus L. S. Str. Gabriel de la Fuente, Mat誕s Reina, Emir Valencia The Japan Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry 02-Mar-2009
doi:10.3987/COM-89-5006
Flavonoid glycosides from Aconitum baicalense Ts. Zhapova, L. D. Modonova, N. N. Pogodaeva, A. L. Vereshchagin, A. G. Gorshkov, S. V. Zinchenko, A. A. Semenov Springer Science and Business Media LLC 10-Dec-2004
doi:10.1007/BF00630642
Alkaloids of three species of Aconitum growing in Mongolia N. Batbayar, D. Batsur�n, M. N. Sultankhodzhaev Springer Science and Business Media LLC 10-Dec-2004
doi:10.1007/BF00599022
12-Epinapelline and its N-oxide fromAconitum baicalense Ts. Zhapova, A. A. Semenov Springer Science and Business Media LLC 26-Nov-2004
doi:10.1007/BF00629654
Two phenolic compounds fromAconitum baicalense Ts. Zhapova, N. N. Pogodaeva, A. G. Gorshkov, A. A. Semenov Springer Science and Business Media LLC 26-Nov-2004
doi:10.1007/BF00630592

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
Dihydroconiferyl alcohol 16822 Click to see 182.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630592
Homovanillyl alcohol 16928 Click to see 168.19 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630592
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Aconitane-type diterpenoid alkaloids
[(1S,2R,3R,4R,5S,6S,7S,8R,9R,13R,16S,17S,18R)-8-acetyloxy-11-ethyl-5,7,14-trihydroxy-6,16,18-trimethoxy-13-(methoxymethyl)-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.12,5.01,10.03,8.013,17]nonadecan-4-yl] benzoate 139593379 Click to see 645.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00599022
Aconitine 245005 Click to see 645.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00599022
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Kaurane diterpenoids
(1S,2R,4R,5R,7R,8S,9R,11R,13S,16S,17R)-11-ethyl-13-methyl-6-methylidene-11-oxido-11-azoniahexacyclo[7.7.2.15,8.01,10.02,8.013,17]nonadecane-4,7,16-triol 163186389 Click to see 375.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00629654
12-Epiflavamine 163184429 Click to see CC[N+]1(CC2(CCC(C34C2CC(C31)C56C4CC(C(C5)C(=C)C6O)O)O)C)[O-] 375.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00629654
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Kaurane diterpenoids / Napelline-type diterpenoid alkaloids
(1R,2R,4R,5R,7R,8R,9R,10R,13R,16S,17R)-11-ethyl-13-methyl-6-methylidene-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.15,8.01,10.02,8.013,17]nonadecane-4,7,16-triol 101604994 Click to see 359.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00629654
(1R,2R,5R,7R,8R,9R,13R,16S,17R)-11-ethyl-7,16-dihydroxy-13-methyl-6-methylidene-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.15,8.01,10.02,8.013,17]nonadecan-4-one 441755 Click to see 357.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00599022
(1R,2R,5R,7R,8S,9R,10R,13R,16S,17R)-11-ethyl-7,16-dihydroxy-13-methyl-6-methylidene-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.15,8.01,10.02,8.013,17]nonadecan-4-one 98137198 Click to see CCN1CC2(CCC(C34C2CC(C31)C56C4CC(=O)C(C5)C(=C)C6O)O)C 357.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.3987/COM-89-5006
(1R,2R,7R,8S,9R,10R,13R,16S,17R)-11-ethyl-7,16-dihydroxy-13-methyl-6-methylidene-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.15,8.01,10.02,8.013,17]nonadecan-4-one 163187592 Click to see 357.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.3987/COM-89-5006
(1R,4S,5S,7R,8R,9R,10R,13R,16S)-11-ethyl-13-methyl-6-methylidene-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.15,8.01,10.02,8.013,17]nonadecane-4,7,16-triol 139291788 Click to see CCN1CC2(CCC(C34C2CC(C31)C56C4CC(C(C5)C(=C)C6O)O)O)C 359.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00599022
(1R,5S,7R,8R,9R,13R)-11-ethyl-7,16-dihydroxy-13-methyl-6-methylidene-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.15,8.01,10.02,8.013,17]nonadecan-4-one 139291804 Click to see 357.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00599022
(2R,4R,5R,7R,8R,13R,16S,17R)-11-ethyl-13-methyl-6-methylidene-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.15,8.01,10.02,8.013,17]nonadecane-4,7,16-triol 138857787 Click to see CCN1CC2(CCC(C34C2CC(C31)C56C4CC(C(C5)C(=C)C6O)O)O)C 359.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00629654
12-Epinapelline 3133561 Click to see CCN1CC2(CCC(C34C2CC(C31)C56C4CC(C(C5)C(=C)C6O)O)O)C 359.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00629654
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
Ganoboninone G 146684003 Click to see 484.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630642
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Primary alcohols
4-[(E)-3-hydroxyprop-1-enyl]-2-methoxycyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-ol 53302003 Click to see 182.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630592
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / 2-arylbenzofuran flavonoids
(7S,8R)-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl Alcohol 384679 Click to see 360.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630592
4-[3-(Hydroxymethyl)-5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]-2-methoxyphenol 4365980 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC2=C1OC(C2CO)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)CCCO 360.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630592
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-7-[(2S,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 163190104 Click to see 934.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630642
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-(3,5,6-trihydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one 162983394 Click to see 448.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630642
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one 162983395 Click to see CC1C(C(OC(C1O)OC2=CC(=C3C(=C2)OC(=C(C3=O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O 448.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630642
3,5-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-(3,5,6-trihydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one 162995910 Click to see CC1C(C(OC(C1O)OC2=CC(=C3C(=C2)OC(=C(C3=O)O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O 432.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630642
3,5-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one 162995911 Click to see 432.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630642
3,5-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-[(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxy]-4H-chromen-4-one 13940823 Click to see 432.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630642
Vincetoxicoside B 5748601 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=CC(=C3C(=C2)OC(=C(C3=O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O 448.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630642

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