Phleum pratense
Table of Contents
Details Top
Internal ID | UUID6440320243f52137418750 |
Scientific name | Phleum pratense |
Authority | L. |
First published in | Sp. Pl. : 59 (1753) |
Description Top
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Purple-stem cat's-tail (Phleum phleoides) spikelet
Timothy, also known as timothy-grass, is a common perennial grass found in most of Europe, except for the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the Phleum genus and is named after Timothy Hanson, an American farmer who introduced it to the southern states in the 18th century. It is a major source of hay and cattle fodder for British farmers. Timothy can be distinguished from similar species such as meadow foxtail and purple-stem cat's-tail by its characteristics such as its hairless leaves, blunt ligule, and absence of stolons or rhizomes. It is a hardy grass that can grow in dry and poor soils, but is often outcompeted by other grasses in pastures. Timothy has become naturalized in North America and is commonly used as feed for livestock, particularly horses. It is also an important food source for some caterpillars and can be found in roadsides and abandoned fields. Timothy grass pollen extract is used to treat hay fever. Breeding programs for timothy focus on improving yield, disease resistance, and nutritional value, but face challenges due to the plant's genetic heterogeneity
Timothy, also known as timothy-grass, is a common perennial grass found in most of Europe, except for the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the Phleum genus and is named after Timothy Hanson, an American farmer who introduced it to the southern states in the 18th century. It is a major source of hay and cattle fodder for British farmers. Timothy can be distinguished from similar species such as meadow foxtail and purple-stem cat's-tail by its characteristics such as its hairless leaves, blunt ligule, and absence of stolons or rhizomes. It is a hardy grass that can grow in dry and poor soils, but is often outcompeted by other grasses in pastures. Timothy has become naturalized in North America and is commonly used as feed for livestock, particularly horses. It is also an important food source for some caterpillars and can be found in roadsides and abandoned fields. Timothy grass pollen extract is used to treat hay fever. Breeding programs for timothy focus on improving yield, disease resistance, and nutritional value, but face challenges due to the plant's genetic heterogeneity
Synonyms Top
Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
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Achnodonton bulbosum | Woods | Tourist's Fl. : 398 (1850) |
Phleum alpinum subsp. trabutii | Litard. & Maire | Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 4: 23. 1924 (1924) |
Phleum bertolonii subsp. trabutii | (Litard. & Maire) Kerguélen | Fl. Descr. France , Suppl. 5: 545 (1979) |
Phleum brachystachyum | (Salis) Gamisans, Romero García & C.Morales | Candollea 38: 654 (1983) |
Phleum bulbosum | Gouan | Fl. Monsp. : 117 (1764) |
Phleum deckeri | Roem. ex Trin. | Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5(2): 124 (1840) |
Phleum fallax | Janka | Bot. Jahresber. (Just) 4(3): 1061 (1876) |
Phleum maximum | Pryor | Fl. Hertfordshire : 450 (1888) |
Phleum microstachyum | Ruiz ex Nym. | Bot. Not. 1851: 67. |
Phleum nodosum | L. | Syst. Nat. ed. 10 , 2: 871 (1759) |
Phleum nodosum var. pratense | (L.) St.-Amans | Fl. Agen. 23. 1821 |
Phleum parnassicum | Boiss. & Heldr. ex Nyman | Consp. Fl. Eur. : 792 (1882) |
Phleum praecox | Jord. | Arch. Fl. France Allemagne : 325 (1854) |
Phleum pratense f. bracteatum | Asch. & Graebn. | Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2(1): 142 1899 |
Phleum pratense f. elongatum | (Schur) Şerb. & Nyár. | Fl. Republ. Socialist. România 12: 123 (1972) |
Phleum pratense f. fallax | (C.Klinggr.) Şerb. & Nyár. | Fl. Republ. Socialist. România 12: 124 (1972) |
Phleum pratense f. viviparum | (Gray) Louis-Marie | Rev. Oka Agron. Inst. Agric. 14: 144 1940 |
Phleum pratense subsp. brachystachyum | (Salis) Gamisans | Candollea 28: 48 (1973) |
Phleum pratense subsp. microstachyum | (Ruiz) Malag. | Subesp. Variac. Geogr. : 27 (1973) |
Phleum pratense subsp. nodosum | (L.) Arcang. | Comp. Fl. Ital. 757 1882 |
Phleum pratense subsp. roshevitzii | (Pavl.) Tzvelev | Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 71 (1971) |
Phleum pratense subsp. trabutii | (Litard. & Maire) Kerguélen | Lejeunia , n.s., 75: 232 (1975) |
Phleum pratense var. brachystachyum | Salis | Flora 16: 475 1833 |
Phleum pratense var. elongatum | Schur | Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 728 1866 |
Phleum pratense var. fallax | (Janka) C.Klinggr. | Fl. Preussen 461 1848 |
Phleum pratense var. longiciliatum | Parn. | Grass. Britain 178. 1845 |
Phleum pratense var. nodosum | (L.) Schrad. | Beschr. Gras. 1: 102. 1767 |
Phleum pratense var. stoloniferum | (Host) Şerb. & Nyár. | Fl. Republ. Socialist. România 12: 123 (1972) |
Phleum pratense var. viviparum | Gray | Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 139. 1822 |
Phleum pratense var. vulgare | Celak. | Prodr. Fl. Böhmen 1: 38 1867 |
Phleum roshevitzii | Pavlov | Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 30: 744 (1932) |
Phleum stoloniferum | Host | Fl. Austriaca 1: 80 (1827) |
Phleum trabutii | (Litard. & Maire) Rivas Mart., A.Asensi, Molero Mesa & F.Valle | Rivasgodaya 6: 50 (1991) |
Phleum tuberosum | Panz. ex Trin. | Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5(2): 124 (1840) |
Phleum villosum | Opiz | Naturalientausch 10: 211 (1825) |
Plantinia pratensis | Bubani | Fl. Pyren. 4: 270 (1901) |
Stelephuros pratensis | Lunell | Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 216 (1915) |
Phleum pratense var. nodosum | (L.) Huds. | Fl. Angl. (ed. 2) 26 1778 |
Phleum microstachyum | Ruiz ex Nym. | Bot. Not. 1851: 67 (1851) |
Phleum pratense subsp. nodosum | (L.) Dumort. | Observ. Gramin. Belg. 131. 1824 (1824) |
Phleum pratense subsp. vulgare | (Čelak.) Hyl. | Bot. Not. 1953(3): 357 1953 |
Phleum vulgare | (Čelak.) Chase & Niles | Index Grass Sp. 3: 81 (1962) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!Language | Common/alternative name |
---|---|
English | timothy-grass |
English | meadow cat's tail |
English | common cat's tail |
English | timothy |
Arabic | إفليوم مرجي |
Arabic | عصوية المروج |
Belarusian | Цімафееўка лугавая |
Bulgarian | ливадна тимотейка |
Czech | bojínek luční |
cv | Кушак хӳри |
Welsh | rhonwellt |
Welsh | rhonwellt penfain |
Danish | eng-rottehale |
German | wiesen-lieschgras |
Estonian | põldtimut |
Basque | larre-pleotza |
Persian | لوئیچه چمنی |
Finnish | timotei |
Finnish | ketotähkilö |
Finnish | nurmitähkiö |
French | fléole des prés |
Irish | féar capaill |
Irish | tiomóid |
Upper Sorbian | Łučny pasnik |
Hungarian | réti komócsin |
Hungarian | mezei komócsin |
Icelandic | vallarfoxgras |
Japanese | チモシー |
Cornish | lost an gath |
Lithuanian | pašarinis motiejukas |
Macedonian | мачкина опашка |
Norwegian Bokmål | timotei |
Dutch | timoteegras en klein timoteegras |
Polish | tymotka łąkowa |
Romanian | timoftică |
Romanian | timoftică de luncă |
Russian | тимофеевка луговая |
Russian | тимофеевка |
Serbian | mačji rep |
Swedish | timotej |
Turkish | kelpkuyruğu |
tt | болын сүсәнәге |
Ukrainian | тимофіївка лучна |
Uzbek | ajriqbosh |
Walloon | fiole |
Chinese | 梯牧草 |
Chinese | 催产草 |
Chinese | 猫尾草 |
Germination/Propagation Top
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No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
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Africa click to expand
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Macaronesia
- Azores
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Northern Africa
- Egypt
- Morocco
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Macaronesia
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Antarctica click to expand
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Subantarctic Islands
- Crozet Islands
- Falkland Islands
- Kerguelen
- South Georgia
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Subantarctic Islands
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Asia-temperate click to expand
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Caucasus
- North Caucasus
- Transcaucasus
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China
- China North-central
- China South-central
- China Southeast
- Manchuria
- Xinjiang
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Eastern Asia
- Japan
- Korea
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Middle Asia
- Kazakhstan
- Kirgizstan
- Tadzhikistan
- Uzbekistan
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Russian Far East
- Amur
- Kamchatka
- Khabarovsk
- Kuril Islands
- Magadan
- Primorye
- Sakhalin
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Siberia
- Altay
- Buryatiya
- Chita
- Irkutsk
- Krasnoyarsk
- Tuva
- West Siberia
- Yakutskiya
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Western Asia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Lebanon-Syria
- Turkey
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Caucasus
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Asia-tropical click to expand
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Indian Subcontinent
- Pakistan
- West Himalaya
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Indian Subcontinent
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Australasia click to expand
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Australia
- New South Wales
- South Australia
- Tasmania
- Victoria
- Western Australia
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New Zealand
- Antipodean Islands
- Chatham Islands
- New Zealand North
- New Zealand South
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Australia
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Europe click to expand
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Eastern Europe
- Central European Russia
- East European Russia
- Krym
- North European Russia
- Northwest European Russia
- South European Russia
- Ukraine
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Middle Europe
- Austria
- Belgium
- Czechoslovakia
- Germany
- Hungary
- Netherlands
- Poland
- Switzerland
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Northern Europe
- Denmark
- Finland
- Føroyar
- Great Britain
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Norway
- Sweden
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Southeastern Europe
- Albania
- Bulgaria
- Greece
- Italy
- Romania
- Sicilia
- Turkey-in-Europe
- Yugoslavia
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Southwestern Europe
- Corse
- France
- Portugal
- Sardegna
- Spain
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Eastern Europe
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Northern America click to expand
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Eastern Canada
- Labrador
- New Brunswick
- Newfoundland
- Nova Scotia
- Ontario
- Prince Edward Island
- Québec
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Mexico
- Mexico Southwest
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North-central U.S.A.
- Illinois
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Minnesota
- Missouri
- Nebraska
- North Dakota
- Oklahoma
- South Dakota
- Wisconsin
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Northeastern U.S.A.
- Connecticut
- Indiana
- Maine
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New York
- Ohio
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- Vermont
- West Virginia
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Northwestern U.S.A.
- Colorado
- Idaho
- Montana
- Oregon
- Washington
- Wyoming
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South-central U.S.A.
- New Mexico
- Texas
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Southeastern U.S.A.
- Alabama
- Arkansas
- Delaware
- District Of Columbia
- Florida
- Georgia
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maryland
- Mississippi
- North Carolina
- South Carolina
- Tennessee
- Virginia
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Southwestern U.S.A.
- Arizona
- California
- Nevada
- Utah
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Subarctic America
- Alaska
- Aleutian Islands
- Greenland
- Northwest Territorie
- Yukon
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Western Canada
- Alberta
- British Columbia
- Manitoba
- Saskatchewan
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Eastern Canada
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Pacific click to expand
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North-central Pacific
- Hawaii
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North-central Pacific
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Southern America click to expand
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Brazil
- Brazil South
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Caribbean
- Bermuda
- Jamaica
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Southern South America
- Argentina Northeast
- Argentina South
- Chile Central
- Chile South
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Brazil
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!Database | ID/link to page |
---|---|
World Flora Online | wfo-0000890092 |
UNII | 0P46LFE4VC |
Florida Plant Atlas | 1864 |
Flora of Alabama | 4995 |
Canadensys | 7827 |
USDA Plants | PHPR3 |
Tropicos | 25509875 |
INPN | 113221 |
KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:415868-1 |
The Plant List | kew-433846 |
Open Tree Of Life | 578767 |
Observations.org | 139420 |
NCBI Taxonomy | 15957 |
NBN Atlas | NHMSYS0000461024 |
Nature Serve | 2.135574 |
IPNI | 415868-1 |
iNaturalist | 57190 |
GBIF | 9014945 |
Freebase | /m/01shb2 |
WisFlora | 4478 |
FEIS | plants/graminoid/phlpra |
EPPO | PHLPR |
EOL | 1114570 |
Elurikkus | 6198 |
Calflora (Californian flora) | 6431 |
USDA GRIN | 28019 |
Wikipedia | Timothy_(grass) |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters | |||||
Ethyl 8-(3-formyloxiran-2-yl)octanoate | 14467738 | Click to see CCOC(=O)CCCCCCCC1C(O1)C=O | 242.31 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1989.10869661 |
ethyl 8-[(2R,3S)-3-formyloxiran-2-yl]octanoate | 162973013 | Click to see CCOC(=O)CCCCCCCC1C(O1)C=O | 242.31 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1989.10869661 |
Ethyl 9-oxononanoate | 18915 | Click to see CCOC(=O)CCCCCCCC=O | 200.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1989.10869661 |
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids | |||||
Azelaic acid monoethyl ester | 11138510 | Click to see CCOC(=O)CCCCCCCC(=O)O | 216.27 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1989.10869661 |
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols | |||||
2-(6-Hydroxyheptyl)-2,3-dihydropyran-6-one | 78172994 | Click to see CC(CCCCCC1CC=CC(=O)O1)O | 212.28 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1096 |
Gamahonolide A | 180332 | Click to see CC(CCCCCC1CC=CC(=O)O1)O | 212.28 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1096 |
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids | |||||
(3R,3aR,8S,11bR)-3-[(E,2R,5R)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-3a,6-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11b-decahydrocyclopenta[a]anthracen-8-ol | 14217269 | Click to see CC1=C2CC(CCC2=CC3=C1CCC4(C3CCC4C(C)C=CC(C)C(C)C)C)O | 394.60 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80188-2 |
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Pregnane steroids / Gluco/mineralocorticoids, progestogins and derivatives | |||||
[(3R,5S,8S,9S,10S,11R,13R,14S,17R)-17-ethenyl-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-11-yl] acetate | 25180961 | Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC2(C(CCC2C3C1C4(CCC(CC4CC3)O)C)C=C)C | 360.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02323285 |
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives | |||||
1-O-ethyl 4-O-[(2R)-7-[(2R)-6-oxo-2,3-dihydropyran-2-yl]heptan-2-yl] butanedioate | 101631113 | Click to see CCOC(=O)CCC(=O)OC(C)CCCCCC1CC=CC(=O)O1 | 340.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1096 |
1-O-ethyl 4-O-[7-(6-oxo-2,3-dihydropyran-2-yl)heptan-2-yl] butanedioate | 162910677 | Click to see CCOC(=O)CCC(=O)OC(C)CCCCCC1CC=CC(=O)O1 | 340.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1096 |
> Organic acids and derivatives / Peptidomimetics / Hybrid peptides | |||||
14-(3-Amino-1,2-dihydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-21-hydroxy-17-(1-hydroxyethyl)-8-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(3-methylbutanoylamino)methyl]-3,6,9,12,15,18,22-heptaoxo-11-propan-2-yl-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclodocosane-2-carboxylic acid | 9918821 | Click to see CC(C)CC(=O)NCC1C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NCC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)N1)C(=O)O)O)C(C)O)C(C(C(=O)N)O)O)C(C)C)CO | 805.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80188-2 |
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 2-benzopyrans | |||||
(3S,4R)-8-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisochromen-1-one | 101630976 | Click to see CC1C(OC(=O)C2=C1C=CC(=C2O)CO)C | 222.24 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1096 |
8-Hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisochromen-1-one | 101417726 | Click to see CC1C(OC(=O)C2=C1C=CC(=C2O)CO)C | 222.24 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1096 |
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dihydrofurans / Furanones / Butenolides | |||||
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2H-furan-5-one | 163035429 | Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC(=O)OC2O | 176.17 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1096 |
(s)-5-Hydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2(5h)-one | 155551640 | Click to see CCCCCC1(C(=C(C(=O)O1)C)C)O | 198.26 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1989.10869661 |
2(5H)-Furanone, 5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-5-pentyl- | 328789 | Click to see CCCCCC1(C(=C(C(=O)O1)C)C)O | 198.26 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1989.10869661 |
5-hydroxy-4-phenylfuran-2(5H)-one | 12864804 | Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC(=O)OC2O | 176.17 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.56.1096 |
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives | |||||
Decyl (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 11638345 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=CC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O | 320.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-005-0132-9 |
Decyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate | 71391747 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=CC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O | 320.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-005-0132-9 |
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Anthocyanins / Anthocyanidin-3-O-glycosides | |||||
(2S,5S)-2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromenylium-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 44256715 | Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=[O+]C3=CC(=CC(=C3C=C2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)O | 449.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02323285 |
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 3-O-methylated flavonoids | |||||
Tricin | 5281702 | Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O | 330.29 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02323285 |
Collections Top
In private collections | 0 |
In public collections | 0 |