Paspalum scrobiculatum in Genus Paspalum

Details Top

Internal ID	UUID644031e992e92265071931
Scientific name	Paspalum scrobiculatum
Authority	L.
First published in	Mant. Pl. 1: 29 (1767)

Description Top

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(ICRISAT) in India.

Paspalum scrobiculatum, also known as Kodo millet or Koda millet, is an annual grain that is primarily grown in Nepal, India, and other Southeast Asian countries. It is a hardy crop that can survive in harsh conditions and provide a high yield of 450-900 kg per hectare. Kodo millet has the potential to be a valuable food source for subsistence farmers in Africa and other regions. It is also known as Arikelu, Varagu, Varak, Arka, Kodo, and Kodra in different languages. This monocot plant has long, light green leaves and produces small, ellipsoidal seeds. It is believed to have been domesticated in India 3000 years ago and is now grown as a minor crop in most areas, except for the Deccan plateau where it is a major food source. Kodo millet is drought tolerant and can grow in poor-nutrient soils. It is susceptible to a fungal disease called Paspalum ergot, but this can be prevented by cleaning the seeds before storage. Kodo millet is used to make pudding in India and is also a good source of animal fodder.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Paspalum adelogaeum	Steud.	Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 27 (1853)
Paspalum akoense	Hayata	Icon. Pl. Formosan. 7: 53. 1918 [25 Mar 1918]
Paspalum amazonicum	Trin.	Linnaea 10: 294 (1836)
Paspalum auriculatum	J.Presl	Reliq. Haenk. 1: 217 (1830)
Paspalum borbonicum	Steud.	Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 27 (1853)
Paspalum boscianum	Flüggé	Gram. Monogr., Paspalum : 170 (1810)
Paspalum cartilagineum	J.Presl	Reliq. Haenk. 1: 216 (1830)
Paspalum cartilagianeum var. biglumaceum	Fosberg & Sachet	Micronesica 18: 81 (1982 publ. 1984)
Paspalum coloratum	Rich. ex Döll	Fl. Bras. 2(2): 78 (1877)
Paspalum commersonii	Lam.	Tabl. Encycl. 1: 175 (1791)
Paspalum commersonii var. hirsutum	Jansen	Reinwardtia 2: 319. 1953
Paspalum commersonii var. polystachyum	(R.Br.) Stapf	Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 576. 1920
Paspalum commersonii var. turgidum	(Buse) Jansen	Reinwardtia 2: 320 1953
Paspalum commutatum	Nees	Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2: 59 (1829)
Paspalum confertum	Leconte	J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts 91: 285 (1820)
Paspalum coromandelinum	Lam.	Tabl. Encycl. 1: 175 (1791)
Paspalum deightonii	(C.E.Hubb.) Clayton	Kew Bull. 30: 104 (1975)
Paspalum dissectum var. grande	Nees	Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill. 15. 1841
Paspalum firmum	Trin.	Gram. Panic. : 105 (1826)
Paspalum frumentaceum	Rottler ex Roem. & Schult.	Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 296. 1817 [Nov 1817]
Paspalum horneri	Henrard	Blumea 1: 306 (1935)
Paspalum jardini	Steud.	Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 18 (1853)
Paspalum kora	Willd.	Sp. Pl., ed. 4 , 1: 332 (1797)
Paspalum ledermannii	Mez	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 65 (1917)
Paspalum longifolium var. pseudo-orbiculare	Jansen	Reinwardtia 2: 321. 1953
Paspalum mauritanicum	Nees ex Steud.	Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 26 (1853)
Paspalum metabolon	Steud.	Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 19 (1853)
Paspalum metzii	Steud.	Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 21 (1853)
Paspalum moratii	Toutain	Austrobaileya 3: 724 (1992)
Paspalum orbiculare	G.Forst.	Fl. Ins. Austr. : 7 (1786)
Paspalum orbiculare var. cartilagineum	(J.Presl) Summerh. & C.E.Hubb.	Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1930: 257.
Paspalum palustre	Vanderyst	Bull. Agric. Congo Belge 9: 246 (1918)
Paspalum polo	F.M.Bailey	Queensland Agric. J. 1: 234 (1897)
Paspalum polystachyum	R.Br.	Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. : 188 (1810)
Paspalum puberulum	Roem. & Schult.	Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 2: 316 (1817)
Paspalum pubescens	R.Br.	Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. : 188 (1810)
Paspalum purpurascens	Elliott	Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1: 108 (1816)
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. auriculatum	(J.Presl & C.Presl) Merr.	Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl.): 345 1906
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. bispiculatum	Hack.	Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 20: 146. 1914
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. commersonii	(Lam.) Stapf	Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 573. 1919
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. deightonii	C.E.Hubb.	Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 40.
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. gracillimum	Domin	Biblioth. Bot. 20(85): 288 (1915)
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. horneri	(Henrard) de Koning & Sosef	Blumea 30: 307 (1985)
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. jardinii	(Steud.) Franch.	Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun 8: 338. 1895
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. orbiculare	(G.Forst.) Hack.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6: 233 (1885)
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. polystachyum	(R.Br.) A.Chev.	Sudania 1: 33 1911
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. turgidum	Buse	Pl. Ind. Bat. Orient. 113. 1857
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. velutinum	Hack.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6: 233. 1885
Paspalum serpens	Presl ex Trin.	Gram. Panic. : 102 (1826)
Paspalum virgatum	Cham. & Schltdl.	Linnaea 6(1): 32. 1831 [Mar 1831]
Paspalum virgatum var. latifolium	Alph.Wood	Amer. Bot. Fl. 2: 390. 1871
Paspalum virgatum var. purpurascens	(Elliott) Alph.Wood	Class-book Bot. : 781 (1861)
Paspalum zollingeri	Steud.	Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 28 (1853)
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. polystachyum	(R.Br.) Stapf	Flora of Tropical Africa 9 1918

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	kodomillet
English	koda millet
English	kodo millet
Afrikaans	kodomanna
Czech	paspal obilní
dag	kpuŋkpaŋgoŋ
Gujarati	કોદરા
Hausa	tumbin jaki
Hindi	कोदो
Japanese	スズメノコビエ
Kannada	ಹಾರಕ
Malayalam	വരക്
Marathi	कोद्रा
Punjabi	ਕੋਧਰਾ
Tamil	கருவரகு
Telugu	ఆరికలు
Yoruba	Ọkànli
Chinese	鸭乸草
Chinese	鸭姆草
Chinese	鴨乸草
Chinese	鴨姆草

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
  - Uganda
- Macaronesia
  - Cape Verde
- Middle Atlantic Ocean
  - Ascension
  - Saint Helena
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Chad
  - Djibouti
  - Eritrea
  - Ethiopia
  - Socotra
  - Sudan
- South Tropical Africa
  - Angola
  - Malawi
  - Mozambique
  - Zambia
  - Zimbabwe
- Southern Africa
  - Botswana
  - Cape Provinces
  - Caprivi Strip
  - Free State
  - Kwazulu-Natal
  - Namibia
  - Northern Provinces
  - Swaziland
- West Tropical Africa
  - Benin
  - Burkina
  - Gambia
  - Ghana
  - Guinea
  - Guinea-Bissau
  - Ivory Coast
  - Liberia
  - Mali
  - Mauritania
  - Niger
  - Nigeria
  - Senegal
  - Sierra Leone
  - Togo
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Burundi
  - Cabinda
  - Cameroon
  - Central African Republic
  - Congo
  - Equatorial Guinea
  - Gabon
  - Gulf Of Guinea Islands
  - Rwanda
  - Zaïre
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Comoros
  - Madagascar
  - Mauritius
  - Rodrigues
  - Réunion
  - Seychelles

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Gulf States
  - Yemen
- China
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Hainan
- Eastern Asia
  - Nansei-shoto
  - Taiwan

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - Bangladesh
  - East Himalaya
  - India
  - Nepal
  - Pakistan
  - Sri Lanka
  - West Himalaya
- Indo-China
  - Andaman Islands
  - Cambodia
  - Laos
  - Myanmar
  - Nicobar Nicobar
  - South China Sea
  - Thailand
  - Vietnam
- Malesia
  - Borneo
  - Jawa
  - Lesser Sunda Islands
  - Malaya
  - Maluku
  - Philippines
  - Sulawesi
  - Sumatera
- Papuasia
  - New Guinea
  - Solomon Islands

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - New South Wales
  - Norfolk Island
  - Northern Territory
  - Queensland
  - Western Australia
- New Zealand
  - New Zealand North

Northern America click to expand
- Mexico
  - Mexico Southwest
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - New Jersey
  - Pennsylvania
- South-central U.S.A.
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Arkansas
  - Florida
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - Mississippi
  - North Carolina
  - South Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia

Pacific click to expand
- North-central Pacific
  - Hawaii
- Northwestern Pacific
  - Caroline Islands
  - Marianas
  - Wake Island
- South-central Pacific
  - Easter Island
  - Tuamotu
- Southwestern Pacific
  - Tokelau-manihiki
  - Tonga
  - Vanuatu
  - Wallis-Futuna Islands

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil North
  - Brazil South
  - Brazil Southeast
  - Brazil West-central
- Caribbean
  - Dominican Republic
  - Haiti
  - Leeward Islands
  - Puerto Rico
- Central America
  - Costa Rica
  - Guatemala
  - Honduras
  - Nicaragua
  - Panamá
- Northern South America
  - French Guiana
  - Guyana
  - Suriname
  - Venezuela
- Western South America
  - Bolivia
  - Colombia

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000888417
UNII	QE99D4UC9I
USDA Plants	PASC6
Tropicos	25509846
INPN	446324
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:414702-1
The Plant List	kew-432275
Open Tree Of Life	1094540
NCBI Taxonomy	173849
Nature Serve	2.141455
IUCN Red List	168983
IPNI	414702-1
iNaturalist	166195
GBIF	2705610
Freebase	/m/04gj_ly
EPPO	PASSC
EOL	1114553
USDA GRIN	26917
Wikipedia	Paspalum_scrobiculatum

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

An Alarming Decline in the Nutritional Quality of Foods: The Biggest Challenge for Future Generations’ Health

Bhardwaj RL, Parashar A, Parewa HP, Vyas L

Foods

14-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10969708
doi:	10.3390/foods13060877
PMID:	38540869

Millets as a dietary supplement for managing chemotherapy induced side effects

Tavhare SD

J Ayurveda Integr Med

28-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10909610
doi:	10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100901
PMID:	38422821

Salt tolerance and regulation of Na+, K+, and proline contents in different wild turfgrasses under salt stress

Tada Y, Kochiya R, Toyoizumi M, Takano Y

Plant Biotechnol (Tokyo)

25-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10904837
doi:	10.5511/plantbiotechnology.23.0721a
PMID:	38434114

Machine Learning Analysis of the Impact of Silver Nitrate and Silver Nanoparticles on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Callus Induction, Plant Regeneration, and DNA Methylation

Türkoğlu A, Haliloğlu K, Demirel F, Aydin M, Çiçek S, Yiğider E, Demirel S, Piekutowska M, Szulc P, Niedbała G

Plants (Basel)

13-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10747064
doi:	10.3390/plants12244151
PMID:	38140479

Millets: The future crops for the tropics - Status, challenges and future prospects

Kheya SA, Talukder SK, Datta P, Yeasmin S, Rashid MH, Hasan AK, Anwar MP, Islam AK, Islam AK

Heliyon

10-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10695985
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22123
PMID:	38058626

Enhancement of Essential Oil Production and Expression of Some Menthol Biosynthesis-Related Genes in Mentha piperita Using Cyanobacteria

Ghotbi-Ravandi AA, Shariatmadari Z, Riahi H, Hassani SB, Heidari F, Ghorbani Nohooji M

Iran J Biotechnol

01-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10804067
doi:	10.30498/ijb.2023.368377.3550
PMID:	38269195

Habitat suitability of four threatened Himalayan species: Asiatic black bear, common leopard, musk deer, and snow leopard

Malla R, Panthi S, Adhikari H, Pariyar S, Baral R, Subedi R, Adhikari BP, Poudel M, Sedhai N, Poudel M

PeerJ

25-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10538300
doi:	10.7717/peerj.16085
PMID:	37780372

Cultivating health: millets' potential in combating non-communicable diseases and future research avenues in India

Bhattacharya S

Front Nutr

21-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10551438
doi:	10.3389/fnut.2023.1190111
PMID:	37810919

Optimizing the effect of ultrasonication and germination on antinutrients and antioxidants of kodo (Paspalum scrobiculatum) and little (Panicum sumatrense) millets

Dey S, Saxena A, Kumar Y, Maity T, Tarafdar A

J Food Sci Technol

19-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10542061
doi:	10.1007/s13197-023-05837-6
PMID:	37786602

Validating the Nutraceutical Significance of Minor Millets by Employing Nutritional–Antinutritional Profiling

Rana SS, Tiwari S, Gupta N, Tripathi MK, Tripathi N, Singh S, Bhagyawant SS

Life (Basel)

15-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10532853
doi:	10.3390/life13091918
PMID:	37763321

Nano-Biofertilizer Formulations for Agriculture: A Systematic Review on Recent Advances and Prospective Applications

Garg D, Sridhar K, Stephen Inbaraj B, Chawla P, Tripathi M, Sharma M

Bioengineering (Basel)

25-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10525541
doi:	10.3390/bioengineering10091010
PMID:	37760112

A lexical review on Vishaghna Dravyas of Kaideva Nighantu

Yadav S, Sharma A, Vishnoi R, Rani J

Ayu

02-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10468017
doi:	10.4103/ayu.ayu_199_22
PMID:	37655171

Soil phosphorous is the primary factor determining species-specific plant growth depending on soil acidity in island ecosystems with severe erosion

Hata K, Hiradate S, Kachi N

Sci Rep

27-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10374522
doi:	10.1038/s41598-023-38934-9
PMID:	37500696

Species Identification and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Aspergillus Section Flavi Isolated from Maize Marketed in the Metropolitan Region of Asunción, Paraguay

Moura-Mendes J, Cazal-Martínez CC, Rojas C, Ferreira F, Pérez-Estigarribia P, Dias N, Godoy P, Costa J, Santos C, Arrua A

Microorganisms

25-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10458825
doi:	10.3390/microorganisms11081879
PMID:	37630439

In search of lost ergots: phylogenetic re-evaluation of Claviceps species in Japan and their biogeographic patterns revealed

Tanaka E, Tanada K, Hosoe T, Shrestha B, Kolařík M, Liu M

Stud Mycol

17-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10825747
doi:	10.3114/sim.2023.106.01
PMID:	38298573

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Hydrocarbons / Saturated hydrocarbons / Alkanes
Nonadecane	12401	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	268.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2000-7-802
Tetracosane	12592	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	338.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2000-7-802
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2000-7-802
24-Ethylcholest-5-en-3beta-ol	22012	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2000-7-802
beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside	296119	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2000-7-802
Sitogluside	5742590	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2000-7-802
Stigmasterol	5280794	Click to see CCC(C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2000-7-802

Biological Material Top

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Paspalum scrobiculatum

Table of Contents

Details Top

Description Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Biological Material Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top