Bromus inermis in Genus Bromus

Details Top

Internal ID	UUID64402f094a627884430081
Scientific name	Bromus inermis
Authority	Leyss.
First published in	Flora Halensis 1761

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Hay: the dried aerial biomass of Bromus inermis is harvested for livestock feed, providing a high‑protein, high‑digestibility forage.
- Seed: mature seed is marketed for pasture establishment, often as a component of cool‑season forage mixtures.

Industrial and craft applications:
- Biofuel feedstock: the standing biomass is cut and baled for conversion to cellulosic ethanol, biogas, or solid fuel; its relatively high cellulose content and low ash make it suitable.
- Erosion‑control and soil‑stabilization mats: the dense root system and rapid establishment allow use in slope stabilization and land‑restoration projects.
- Fermentation substrate: harvested material can be used as a carbon source in industrial fermentations for biogas or bio‑chemical production.

Scientific uses:
- Reference genome: the sequenced nuclear genome of smooth bromegrass (available in GenBank and Phytozome) serves as a model for perennial grass genetics, evolutionary studies, and breeding programs.
- Laboratory protocols: standard tissue culture and transformation methods have been developed, supporting functional genomics in this species.

Properties relevant to use:
- Nutritive value: leaves contain 12–18 % crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility > 70 %, supporting its forage use.
- Cell‑wall composition: approximately 45 % cellulose, 30 % hemicellulose, and 5–8 % lignin, yielding a favorable cellulose‑to‑lignin ratio for biofuel processing.
- Growth habit: deep, fibrous roots and rapid shoot regrowth after cutting enable multiple harvests per season and effective erosion control.

Standards and regulation:
- Hay grading: U.S. Hay Quality Standards (USDA) define grade based on maturity, leafiness, and foreign matter.
- Seed certification: the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA) provides guidelines for cultivar purity and germination rates of Bromus inermis seed.
- Feed safety: production for animal feed follows national feed safety regulations (e.g., FDA 21 CFR 573).

Sustainability and sourcing:
- As a perennial cool‑season grass, it requires reduced tillage, lower nitrogen inputs, and contributes to soil carbon sequestration.
- Cultivation on marginal or sloping land reduces erosion while providing biomass and forage, aligning with sustainable agricultural practices.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Bromopsis inermis	(Leyss.) Holub	Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8: 167 (1973)
Bromopsis inermis subsp. australis	(Zherebina) Tzvelev	Nauchno-Tekhn. Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 198: 12 (1990)
Bromopsis inermis subsp. reimannii	(Asch. & Graebn.) Dostál	Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 16 (1984)
Bromopsis inermis var. aristata	(Schur) Tzvelev	Fl. Evropeiskoi Chasti SSSR 1: 179. 1974
Bromopsis inermis var. hirta	(Drob.) Tzvelev	Fl. Evropeískoí Chasti SSSR 1: 179 (1974)
Bromopsis inermis var. malzevii	(Drob.) Tzvelev	Fl. Evropeískoí Chasti SSSR 1: 179 (1974)
Bromopsis inermis var. pellita	(Beck) Tzvelev	Fl. Evropeískoí Chasti SSSR 1: 179 (1974)
Bromus erectus	Ledeb.	Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 4(13): 358. 1852 [Sep 1852]
Bromus erectus var. laxus	(Hornem.) Heynh.	Nom. Bot. Hort. 133. 1840
Bromus glabrescens	Honda	Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 136 (1928)
Bromus inermis f. aristatus	Fernald	Rhodora 35: 316. 1933
Bromus inermis f. bulbiferus	J.W.Moore	Rhodora 43: 76 (1941)
Bromus inermis f. glabratus	Drobow	Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 227 1914
Bromus inermis f. laxus	(Hornem,) Junge	Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 26: 19 1909
Bromus inermis f. muticus	Drobow	Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 228 1914
Bromus inermis f. pellitus	(Beck) Todor	Fl. Republ. Socialist. România 12: 307 (1972)
Bromus inermis f. proliferus	Louis-Marie	Rev. Oka Agron. Inst. Agric. 14: 144 (1940)
Bromus inermis f. villosus	(Mert. & Koch) Todor	Fl. Republ. Socialist. România 12: 307 (1972)
Bromus inermis subsp. australis	Zherebina	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 25: 313 (1931)
Bromus inermis subsp. reimannii	(Asch. & Graebn.) Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 115 1971 publ. 1972
Bromus inermis var. aristatus	Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 805 (1866)
Bromus inermis var. contractus	Röhl.	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 43: 298. 1938
Bromus inermis var. divaricatus	Rohlena	Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 24: 5, 8. 1899
Bromus inermis var. flexuosus	Drobow	Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 227. 1914
Bromus inermis var. grandiflora	Rupr.	Fl. Samojed. Cisural. 61. 1845
Bromus inermis var. hirsutus	Celak.	Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1888: 507. 1889
Bromus inermis var. hirtus	Drobow	Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 225. 1914
Bromus inermis var. latifolia	Podp.	Spisy Prír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 12: 11 1922
Bromus inermis var. laxus	(Hornem,) Griseb.	Fl. Ross. 4: 358 1852
Bromus inermis var. macrostachys	Podp.	Kvetena Moravy 6: 53. 1926
Bromus inermis var. magnificus	Podp.	Kvetena Moravy 6: 53. 1926
Bromus inermis var. malzevii	Drobow	Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 229. 1914
Bromus inermis var. pellitus	Beck	Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 106 1890
Bromus inermis var. pilosus	Freyn	Oesterr. Bot. Z. 46: 35. 1896
Bromus inermis var. podolicus	Zapal.	Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial B, ser. 3, 4: 188. 1906
Bromus inermis var. reimannii	(Asch. & Graebn.) Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17(1-2): 115. 1972 [1971 publ. 1972]
Bromus inermis var. subulatus	Trin. ex Rupr.	Hist. Stirp. Fl. Petrop. 40. 1845
Bromus inopinatus	C.T.Brues & B.B.Brues	Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 17: t. 72 (1911)
Bromus latifolius	Kar. & Kir.	Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 14: 865 (1841)
Bromus pseudoinermis	Schur	Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 90 (1853)
Bromus pskemensis	Pavlov	Vestn. Akad. Nauk Kazakhsk. S.S.R. 1: 26 (1949)
Bromus pumpellianus var. melicoides	Shear	Bull. U.S.D.A. (1895-1901) 23: 50 (1900)
Bromus purpurascens	Turcz. ex Ledeb.	Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 4(13): 357. 1852 [Sep 1852]
Bromus reimanni	Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2(1): 590 (1901)
Bromus tatewakii	Honda	Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 135 (1928)
Festuca inermis	DC.	Fl. Franç. , ed. 3, 3: 49 (1805)
Festuca inermis var. villosa	Mert. & W.D.J.Koch	Deutschl. Fl. , ed. 3, 1: 675 (1823)
Festuca leysseri	Moench	Enum. Pl. Hass. : 41 (1777)
Festuca poiformis	Pers.	Syn. Pl. 1: 94 (1805)
Festuca pooides	Thuill.	Fl. Env. Paris, ed. 2. 51. 1799 [24 Jun 1799]
Festuca speciosa	Schreb.	Spic. Fl. Lips. : 59 (1771)
Forasaccus inermis	Lunell	Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 225 (1915)
Schedonorus inermis	P.Beauv.	Ess. Agrostogr. : 99 (1812)
Schedonorus longifolius	Trin. ex Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 2: 529 (1841)
Zerna inermis	Lindm.	Sv. Fanerogamfl. : 101 (1918)
Zerna inermis var. malzevii	(Drob.) Tzvelev	Spisok Rast. Gerb. Fl. S.S.S.R. Bot. Inst. Vsesojuzn. Akad. Nauk 103-106: 59 (1972)
Bromopsis inermis subsp. aristata	(Schur) Tzvelev	Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 38: 106 (2006)
Bromopsis probatovae	Tzvelev	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 94: 280 (2009)
Bromopsis australis	(Zherebina) Tzvelev & Prob.	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 95: 859 (2010)
Bromus laxus	Hornem.	Hort. Bot. Hafn. 2: 954 (1815)
Bromus inermis f. villosus	(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Fernald	Rhodora 35: 316. 1933
Bromus inermis var. villosus	(Mert. & Koch) Beck	Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 106 1890
Bromus inermis subsp. reimannii	(Asch. & Graebn.) Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 115 (1971 publ. 1972)
Poa bromoides	(Leyss.) Mérat	Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris, (ed. 2) 2: 29 1821
Bromus erectus var. laxus	(Hornem.) Döll	Fl. Baden 1: 144 1855
Bromus inermis var. reimannii	(Asch. & Graebn.) Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17(1–2): 115 1971
Bromus inermis var. longiflorus	Keng	Fl. Ill. Pl. Prim. Sin. , Gram.: 266 (1959)
Bromus inermis var. glaber	Trautv.	Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 135 (1877)
Bromus inermis var. latifolius	Podp.	Spisy Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 12: 11 (1922)
Bromus inermis var. pallidus	Beck	Fl. Nieder-Österreich : 106 (1890)
Bromus inermis var. giganteus	Dobrocz. & Nyár.	Stud. Cercet. Sti. (Jassy) 10: 81 (1959)
Festuca speciosa var. villosa	Klett & Richt.	Fl. Leipzig : 102 (1830)
Bromus inermis f. pubescens	Litv. ex Ganewin	Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 13: 32 (1915)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	smooth brome
Arabic	شويعرة لاشوكية
Arabic	شويعرة ناعمة
Belarusian	каласоўнік безасцюковы
Bulgarian	безосилеста овсига
Czech	sveřep bezpranný
Czech	sveřep bezbranný
German	wehrlose trespe
German	unbegrannte trespe
German	unbewehrte trespe
Estonian	ohtetu luste
Finnish	rehukattara
Finnish	bromopsis inermis
Finnish	idänkattara
Upper Sorbian	tupa kostrjawa
Kazakh	Қылтықсыз арпабас
Lithuanian	beginklė dirsė
Macedonian	безосилеста класатка
Macedonian	безосилеста класица
mn	Соргүй согоовор
Norwegian Bokmål	bladfaks
Dutch	bromopsis inermis
Dutch	kweekdravik
Dutch	bromopsis inermis subsp. inermis
Norwegian Nynorsk	bladfaks
nv	bįįh tłʼoh
Polish	stokłosa bezostna
Russian	Костёр безостый
Slovak	stoklas bezosťový
Swedish	foderlosta
Turkish	kılçıksız brom
Ukrainian	Стоколос безостий
Chinese	无芒雀麦
Chinese	無芒雀麥
Chinese	雀麦

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Northern Africa
  - Egypt
- Southern Africa
  - Cape Provinces
  - Northern Provinces

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- China
  - China North-central
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Inner Mongolia
  - Manchuria
  - Qinghai
  - Tibet
  - Xinjiang
- Eastern Asia
  - Japan
  - Korea
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Kirgizstan
  - Tadzhikistan
  - Turkmenistan
  - Uzbekistan
- Mongolia
  - Mongolia
- Russian Far East
  - Amur
  - Kamchatka
  - Khabarovsk
  - Magadan
  - Primorye
  - Sakhalin
- Siberia
  - Altay
  - Buryatiya
  - Chita
  - Irkutsk
  - Krasnoyarsk
  - Tuva
  - West Siberia
  - Yakutskiya
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan
  - Iran
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Pakistan
  - West Himalaya

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - New South Wales
- New Zealand
  - New Zealand North
  - New Zealand South

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - North European Russia
  - Northwest European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Great Britain
  - Iceland
  - Norway
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Romania
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - France
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - Labrador
  - New Brunswick
  - Newfoundland
  - Nova Scotia
  - Ontario
  - Prince Edward Island
  - Québec
- Mexico
  - Mexico Northeast
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Minnesota
  - Missouri
  - Nebraska
  - North Dakota
  - Oklahoma
  - South Dakota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - Vermont
  - West Virginia
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Montana
  - Oregon
  - Washington
  - Wyoming
- South-central U.S.A.
  - New Mexico
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Arkansas
  - Delaware
  - District Of Columbia
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - Mississippi
  - North Carolina
  - South Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - Arizona
  - California
  - Nevada
  - Utah
- Subarctic America
  - Alaska
  - Greenland
  - Northwest Territorie
  - Nunavut
  - Yukon
- Western Canada
  - Alberta
  - British Columbia
  - Manitoba
  - Saskatchewan

Southern America click to expand
- Central America
  - Guatemala
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
  - Uruguay
- Western South America
  - Bolivia
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000855743
UNII	1471133Q5F
Flora of Alabama	4708
Canadensys	7462
USDA Plants	BRIN2
Tropicos	25509399
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:393784-1
The Plant List	kew-401195
Open Tree Of Life	990211
Observations.org	152522
NCBI Taxonomy	15371
Nature Serve	2.159898
IPNI	393784-1
iNaturalist	75903
iNaturalist	234654
iNaturalist	239677
GBIF	2703670
Freebase	/m/0c3_n95
WisFlora	2793
FEIS	plants/graminoid/broine
EPPO	BROIN
EOL	1114232
Elurikkus	3184
Calflora (Californian flora)	9743
US Library of Congress	sh2004006903
USDA GRIN	7807
Wikipedia	Bromus_inermis
Plantarium	6901

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

The effect of diversity on disease reverses from dilution to amplification in a 22-year biodiversity × N × CO2 experiment

Strauss AT, Hobbie SE, Reich PB, Seabloom EW, Borer ET

Sci Rep

13-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11091214
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-60725-z
PMID:	38740878

Germination and Growth Characteristics of nud Knockout and win1 Knockout Barley Lines under Salt Stress

Antonova EV, Shimalina NS, Korotkova AM, Kolosovskaya EV, Gerasimova SV, Khlestkina EK

Plants (Basel)

23-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11085773
doi:	10.3390/plants13091169
PMID:	38732384

Transplanted sagebrush “wildlings” exhibit higher survival than greenhouse-grown tubelings yet both recruit new plants

Bailey EC, Thacker E, Monaco TA, Veblen KE

BMC Ecol Evol

22-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11034100
doi:	10.1186/s12862-024-02236-z
PMID:	38649814

A dataset for fine-grained seed recognition

Yuan M, Lv N, Dong Y, Hu X, Lu F, Zhan K, Shen J, Wu X, Zhu L, Xie Y

Sci Data

06-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC10998916
doi:	10.1038/s41597-024-03176-5
PMID:	38582756

Assessing silvopasture management as a strategy to reduce fuel loads and mitigate wildfire risk

Batcheler M, Smith MM, Swanson ME, Ostrom M, Carpenter-Boggs L

Sci Rep

12-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10928111
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-56104-3
PMID:	38467773

Editorial: Plant-rhizobia symbiosis and nitrogen fixation in legumes

Sinharoy S, Tian CF, Montiel J

Front Plant Sci

11-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10961434
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2024.1392006
PMID:	38529060

Using Machine Learning Methods Combined with Vegetation Indices and Growth Indicators to Predict Seed Yield of Bromus inermis

Ou C, Jia Z, Sun S, Liu J, Ma W, Wang J, Mi C, Mao P

Plants (Basel)

08-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10974845
doi:	10.3390/plants13060773
PMID:	38592838

Nutrient addition alters plant community productivity but not the species diversity of a mountain meadow in Tajikistan

Mekhrovar O, Li YM, Abdullo M, Sino Y, Fan L

Front Plant Sci

15-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10822985
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2023.1235388
PMID:	38288411

Transcriptome analysis and physiological changes in the leaves of two Bromus inermis L. genotypes in response to salt stress

Song W, Gao X, Li H, Li S, Wang J, Wang X, Wang T, Ye Y, Hu P, Li X, Fu B

Front Plant Sci

14-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10755925
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2023.1313113
PMID:	38162311

The Defensive Behaviors and Milk Production of Pastured Dairy Cattle in Response to Stable Flies, Horn Flies, and Face Flies

Hansen AC, Moon RD, Endres MI, Pereira GM, Heins BJ

Animals (Basel)

14-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10741233
doi:	10.3390/ani13243847
PMID:	38136884

Eastern redcedar roots create legacy effects that suppresses growth of prairie species

Bennion LD, Ward D

Ecol Evol

11-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10711520
doi:	10.1002/ece3.10775
PMID:	38089900

Heritable responses to stress in plants

Kovalchuk I

Quant Plant Biol

07-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10753343
doi:	10.1017/qpb.2023.14
PMID:	38156078

High genomic plasticity and unique features of Xanthomonas translucens pv. graminis revealed through comparative analysis of complete genome sequences

Goettelmann F, Koebnik R, Roman-Reyna V, Studer B, Kölliker R

BMC Genomics

05-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10699075
doi:	10.1186/s12864-023-09855-8
PMID:	38053038

Effect of castration timing and weaning strategy on the taxonomic and functional profile of ruminal bacteria and archaea of beef calves

Diaz GR, Gaire TN, Ferm P, Case L, Caixeta LS, Goldsmith TJ, Armstrong J, Noyes NR

Anim Microbiome

01-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10691087
doi:	10.1186/s42523-023-00284-2
PMID:	38041127

Diet Digestibility and Partitioning of Nutrients in Adult Male Alpacas Fed a Blend of Oat Hay and Alfalfa Pellets at Two Levels of Intake

Chipa Guillen PK, Antezana Julián WO, Rios Rado WM, Moscoso-Muñoz JE, Cabezas-Garcia EH

Animals (Basel)

22-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10705768
doi:	10.3390/ani13233613
PMID:	38066964

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Bromus inermis

Table of Contents

Details Top

Ethnobotanical Use Top

General Uses Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Gallery Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top