Viola odorata in Genus Viola

Details Top

Internal ID	UUID643ffb326454b770414905
Scientific name	Viola odorata
Authority	L.
First published in	Sp. Pl. : 934 (1753)

Description Top

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Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Viola officinalis	Crantz	Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 431 (1766)
Viola odora	Neck.	Delic. Gallo-Belg. ii. 367.
Viola sarmentosa	M.Bieb.	Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 172 (1808)
Viola propinqua	Jord.	Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 18 (1852)
Viola pirottae	Chiov.	Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1893: 287 (1893)
Viola plantaginea	Webb ex Christ	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 9: 96 (1887)
Viola pseudosuavis	Schur	Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 15(2): 103 (1877)
Viola floribunda	Jord.	Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 19 (1852)
Viola cyclophylla	Gand.	Fl. Lyon. : 53 (1875)
Viola favratii	Hausskn. ex Favrat	Bull. Murith. Soc. Valais. Sci. Nat. 13-15: 61 (1887)
Viola maderensis	Lowe	Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 4: 36 (1831)
Viola incompta	Jord.	Observ. Pl. Nouv. 7: 11 (1849)
Viola hortensis	Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 82 (1866)
Viola jucunda	Jord.	Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 20 (1852)
Viola vinealis	Boreau	Fl. Centre France , ed. 3, 2: 75 (1857)
Viola vilmoriniana	Delacour & Mottet	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 46: 120 (1899)
Viola suavissima	Jord.	Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 21 (1852)
Viola subcarnea	Jord.	Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 17 (1852)
Viola sulfurea	Cariot	Étude Fl. , éd. 7, 2: 81 (1884)
Viola steveni	Besser ex Fauc.	Excurs. Bot. Valais : 96 (1872)
Viola spectabilis	K.Richt.	Oesterr. Bot. Z. 35: 419 (1885)
Viola suaveolens	Schur	Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 15(2): 107 (1877)
Viola consimilis	Jord.	Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 18 (1852)
Viola austriaca	A.Kern. & Jos.Kern.	Ber. Naturwiss.-Med. Vereins Innsbruck 3: 71 (1872)
Viola wiedemannii	Boiss.	Fl. Orient. 1: 457 (1867)
Viola odorata subsp. maderensis	(Lowe) G.Kunkel	Cuad. Bot. Canaria 22: 28 (1974)
Viola odorata var. incompta	(Jord.) Espeut	Monde Pl. 464: 15 (1999)
Viola odorata var. albiflora	Pančić	Verh. Zool.-Bot. Vereins Wien 6: 505 (1856)

Common names Top

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Language	Common/alternative name
English	sweet violet
English	common violet
English	english violet
English	florist's violet
English	garden violet
English	wood violet
English	florist’s violet
Spanish	violeta
Spanish	alhelí
Spanish	viola común
Spanish	viola de olor
Spanish	viola olorosa
Spanish	violeta acopada
Spanish	violeta aromática
Spanish	violeta blanca
Spanish	violeta común
Spanish	violeta de jardín
Spanish	violeta de olor
Spanish	violeta de olor o común
Spanish	violeta doble
Spanish	violeta olorosa
Spanish	violeta purpúrea
Spanish	violeta verdadera
Spanish	violetas
Spanish	violetones
Spanish	viroletas
Spanish	viola wiedemannii
Spanish	viola suavissima
Spanish	viola tenerrima
Spanish	viola consimilis
Spanish	violeta purpurea
Spanish	viola martia
Spanish	viola floribunda
Spanish	viola propinqua
Spanish	viola subcarnea
Spanish	viola comun
Spanish	viola dumetorum
Spanish	viola gonzaloi
Spanish	viola jucunda
Spanish	viola martii ssp odorata
Spanish	viola martii ssp. odorata
Spanish	viola sarmentosa
Spanish	viola sulfurea
Spanish	viola sulphurea
Spanish	violeta aromatica
Spanish	violeta comun
Spanish	violeta de olor o comun
ab	Ааҵрахәшә
ang	aeppelleaf
ang	Æppellēaf
Arabic	بنفسج عطري
Azerbaijani	Ətirli bənövşə
azb	عطیرلی بنؤوشه
Belarusian	фіялка духмяная
Belarusian	фіялка пахучая
Bulgarian	Горска теменуга
Bulgarian	Миризлива горска теменуга
Bulgarian	горска теменуга
Catalan	violeta
Catalan	viola boscana
Catalan	viola d'olor
Catalan	viola d’olor
Catalan	violer d'olor
Czech	violka vonná
Czech	viola lilacina
Czech	viola odorata var. rotundata
Welsh	fioled bêr
Danish	marts-viol
Danish	martsviol
German	duftveilchen
German	märz-veilchen
German	märzveilchen
German	wohlriechendes veilchen
Greek	Ίον το εύοσμον
Esperanto	odora violo
Estonian	lõhnav kannike
Basque	bioleta usaindun
Persian	بنفشه انگلیسی
Finnish	tuoksuorvokki
French	violette odorante
Irish	sailchuach chumhra
Hebrew	סיגלית
Hebrew	סגל ריחני
Hebrew	סיגל ריחני
Hindi	बनफ्शा
Upper Sorbian	wonjata fijałka
Hungarian	illatos ibolya
Armenian	Մանուշակ բուրավետ
Indonesian	bunga violet
Italian	viola mammola
Japanese	ヴァイオレット
Japanese	ニオイスミレ
Kazakh	Хош иісті шегіргүл
Cornish	melion melyseth
Lithuanian	kvapioji našlaitė
Norwegian Bokmål	marsfiol
nds	viool
nds	blaag Ööschen
nds	blage Öschen
nds	vijole
nds	vijölken
nds	vijool
nds	vijöölken
nds	vioileke
nds	viölke
nds	viölken
nds	viölkes
nds	vioolkruut
Dutch	maarts viooltje
Norwegian Nynorsk	marsfiol
Norwegian Nynorsk	viola odoráta
Polish	fiołek wonny
Romanian	toporaş
Russian	Фиалка душистая
sd	بنفشہ
Slovak	fialka voňavá
Slovenian	dišeča vijolica
Slovenian	vijolica
Swedish	luktviol
Turkish	kokulu menekşe
Ukrainian	Фіалка запашна
Chinese	香堇菜

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Viola odorata subsp. stolonifera	(J.J.Rodr.) Orell & Romo	Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 59(8): 83 (1991)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Viola odorata var. barraui	O.Bolòs & Vigo	Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 80 (1974)

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Germination Improved by GA3: Gibberellic Acid(GA3) is a plant growth hormone that can break dormancy and improve germination rates for seeds that are otherwise difficult to sprout.

Sow seeds immediately as their viability decreases rapidly, or they best germinate when fresh. If stored, seeds might need temperature cycling and patience to germinate.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Macaronesia
  - Azores
  - Canary Islands
  - Madeira
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- China
  - China North-central
  - China Southeast
- Eastern Asia
  - Japan
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Tadzhikistan
- Western Asia
  - Cyprus
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Iran
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Palestine
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - India
  - Pakistan
  - West Himalaya
- Indo-China
  - Myanmar
  - Vietnam

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - New South Wales
  - Tasmania
  - Victoria

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - Northwest European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Great Britain
  - Ireland
  - Norway
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Kriti
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares
  - Corse
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - Nova Scotia
  - Ontario
  - Québec
- Mexico
  - Mexico Central
  - Mexico Southwest
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Oregon
  - Washington
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Maryland
  - North Carolina
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - California
  - Utah
- Western Canada
  - British Columbia

Southern America click to expand
- Caribbean
  - Bermuda
  - Cuba
  - Dominican Republic
  - Haiti
  - Leeward Islands
  - Puerto Rico
  - Trinidad-Tobago
- Central America
  - Costa Rica
  - El Salvador
  - Guatemala
  - Panamá
- Northern South America
  - Venezuela
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
  - Argentina Northwest
  - Argentina South
  - Chile Central
- Western South America
  - Colombia
  - Ecuador
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000423364
UNII	AET12U8B74
Canadensys	9500
USDA Plants	VIOD
Tropicos	33800067
INPN	129632
Flora of Italy	3161
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:868828-1
The Plant List	kew-2459312
Open Tree Of Life	1039231
Observations.org	7652
NCBI Taxonomy	97441
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000002924
Nature Serve	2.144557
IPNI	868828-1
iNaturalist	55845
GBIF	5331181
Freebase	/m/02_mks
WisFlora	5396
EPPO	VIOOD
EOL	584573
Elurikkus	8208
Calflora (Californian flora)	8298
USDA GRIN	41733
Wikipedia	Viola_odorata
CMAUP	NPO27594

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_963691705.1	ddVioOdor1.1	Chromosome	WELLCOME SANGER INSTITUTE	2023-12-06	57.0x	666.26 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Synthesis of eco-friendly layered double hydroxide and nanoemulsion for jasmine and peppermint oils and their larvicidal activities against Culex pipiens Linnaeus

Radwan IT, Khater HF, Mohammed SH, Khalil A, Farghali MA, Mahmoud MG, Selim A, Manaa EA, Bagato N, Baz MM

Sci Rep

22-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10959945
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-56802-y
PMID:	38519561

Long-Term Monitoring of the Traditional Knowledge of Plant Species Used for Culinary Purposes in the Valencia Region, South-Eastern Spain

Belda A, Jordán-Nuñez J, Micó-Vicent B, López-Rodríguez D

Plants (Basel)

08-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10975046
doi:	10.3390/plants13060775
PMID:	38592810

Green Solvents for Extraction of Natural Food Colorants from Plants: Selectivity and Stability Issues

Tzanova MT, Yaneva Z, Ivanova D, Toneva M, Grozeva N, Memdueva N

Foods

16-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10887973
doi:	10.3390/foods13040605
PMID:	38397582

First Insights on the Bioaccessibility and Absorption of Anthocyanins from Edible Flowers: Wild Pansy, Cosmos, and Cornflower

Teixeira M, De Luca L, Faria A, Bordiga M, de Freitas V, Mateus N, Oliveira H

Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

31-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10892915
doi:	10.3390/ph17020191
PMID:	38399406

Anthocyanin-Loaded Polymers as Promising Nature-Based, Responsive, and Bioactive Materials

Rosales-Murillo SS, Sánchez-Bodón J, Hernández Olmos SL, Ibarra-Vázquez MF, Guerrero-Ramírez LG, Pérez-Álvarez L, Vilas-Vilela JL

Polymers (Basel)

04-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10781030
doi:	10.3390/polym16010163
PMID:	38201828

Topographic depressions can provide climate and resource microrefugia for biodiversity

Frei K, Vojtkó A, Farkas T, Erdős L, Barta K, E-Vojtkó A, Tölgyesi C, Bátori Z

iScience

21-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10656275
doi:	10.1016/j.isci.2023.108202
PMID:	38026156

The most polyphagous insect herbivore? Host plant associations of the Meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.)

Thompson V, Harkin C, Stewart AJ

PLoS One

04-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10602594
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0291734
PMID:	37792900

Cultivable Endophyte Resources in Medicinal Plants and Effects on Hosts

Wang Y, Zhang Y, Cong H, Li C, Wu J, Li L, Jiang J, Cao X

Life (Basel)

06-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10455732
doi:	10.3390/life13081695
PMID:	37629552

Development and Characterization of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Films Based on Potato Starch Incorporating Viola odorata Extract to Improve the Oxidative and Microbiological Quality of Chicken Fillets during Refrigerated Storage

Nikmanesh A, Baghaei H, Mohammadi Nafchi A

Foods

04-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10418992
doi:	10.3390/foods12152955
PMID:	37569224

Antibacterial Activity of Economically Important Medicinal Plants in Pakistan Against Different Bacterial Strains

Ali A, Ali M, Nisar Z, Shah SM, Mustafa I, Nisar J, Asif R

Bioinform Biol Insights

31-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10392215
doi:	10.1177/11779322231189374
PMID:	37533430

Detection of Coumarin Derivatives of Viola odorata Cultivated in Iraq

Ali ZA, Saleh I, Alani WM

J Pharm Bioallied Sci

11-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10485493
doi:	10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_270_23
PMID:	37694059

Efficacy of topical galbanum oil with dry cupping in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized open-label clinical trial

Seydi F, Salehi M, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Emadi F, Gholami-Fesharaki M, Iranzadasl M

Avicenna J Phytomed

01-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10474915
doi:	10.22038/AJP.2023.21829
PMID:	37663385

Efficacy of Herbal Medicines on Lung Function in Asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Derakhshan A, Sadeghi M, Asnaashari AM, Dehghani M, Salari R, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Mirsadraee M, Saeidinejat S, Jalali S, Jalali S

J Pharmacopuncture

30-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10315876
doi:	10.3831/KPI.2023.26.2.124
PMID:	37405115

Efficacy and Safety of Add-On Plant-Based Drugs for COVID-19 Patients: A Review of the Randomized Control Trials

Diantini A, Febriyanti RM, Levita J

Infect Drug Resist

19-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10289101
doi:	10.2147/IDR.S417727
PMID:	37361940

Re-Examination of Several Elsinoë Species Reported from Japan

Ujat AH, Ono T, Hattori Y, Nakashima C

Mycobiology

15-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10288934
doi:	10.1080/12298093.2023.2219049
PMID:	37359956

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
3-O-Acetyloleanolic acid	151202	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC2(C(C1(C)C)CCC3(C2CC=C4C3(CCC5(C4CC(CC5)(C)C)C(=O)O)C)C)C	498.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
3beta-Acetoxy-11alpha,12alpha-epoxyoleanan-28,13beta-olide	21626351	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC2(C(C1(C)C)CCC3(C2C4C(O4)C56C3(CCC7(C5CC(CC7)(C)C)C(=O)O6)C)C)C	512.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
beta-Sitosteryl palmitate	9852570	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC1CCC2(C3CCC4(C(C3CC=C2C1)CCC4C(C)CCC(CC)C(C)C)C)C	653.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Betulinic Acid	64971	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C(=O)O	456.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Lupeol	259846	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	426.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Oleanolic Acid	10494	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C	456.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
Beta-Sitosterol	222284	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Sitogluside	5742590	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / 6-prenylated flavans / 6-prenylated flavanones
4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-8-methyl-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2-phenyl-, (S)-	179806	Click to see CC1=C(C(=C(C2=C1OC(CC2=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)O)CC=C(C)C)O	338.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
6-Prenylpinocembrin	6546086	Click to see CC(=CCC1=C(C2=C(C=C1O)OC(CC2=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)O)C	324.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / 8-prenylated flavans / 8-prenylated flavanones
(2S)-5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-8-prenylflavanone	102154219	Click to see CC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1O)C(=O)CC(O2)C3=CC=CC=C3)CC=C(C)C)O	338.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(S)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)chroman-4-one	45272659	Click to see CC(=CCC1=C2C(=C(C=C1O)O)C(=O)CC(O2)C3=CC=C(C=C3)OC)C	354.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
4'-O-Methyl-6-methyl-8-prenylnaringenin	16099396	Click to see CC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1O)C(=O)CC(O2)C3=CC=C(C=C3)OC)CC=C(C)C)O	368.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
8-Prenylpinostrobin	14721597	Click to see CC(=CCC1=C(C=C(C2=C1OC(CC2=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)O)OC)C	338.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Glabranin	124049	Click to see CC(=CCC1=C2C(=C(C=C1O)O)C(=O)CC(O2)C3=CC=CC=C3)C	324.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / 6-prenylated flavones
5,4',1''-Trihydroxy-6,7-(3'',3''-dimethylchroman)flavone	102154220	Click to see CC1(CC(C2=C(O1)C=C3C(=C2O)C(=O)C=C(O3)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O)O)C	354.40	unknown	via CMAUP database

Biological Material Top

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Viola odorata

Table of Contents

Details Top

Description Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Biological Material Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top