Flacourtia indica
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID6440360887a50863115716 |
| Scientific name | Flacourtia indica |
| Authority | (Burm.f.) Merr. |
| First published in | Interpr. Herb. Amboin. : 377 (1917) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Among the Mapuche of southern Chile, people prepare an infusion of the leaves for fevers, coughs, and sore throats, and drink it as a general tonic during chills (Bennett et al., 2021). In parts of India, leaf decoctions are taken for fever, catarrh, and stomach upsets, while root decoctions are given to calm diarrhea in children and to alleviate menstrual cramps and uterine pain (Shukla et al., 2010; Rindhe, 2009). In Sudan and the Republic of the Congo, a bark or leaf decoction is a common tonic and is used to relieve malaria-like fevers (Wagealla & El-Tahir, 2016; Kanda-Ngaou et al., 2016). These preparations are part of wider ethnomedical traditions that treat upper‑respiratory and gastrointestinal complaints with infusions or decoctions of Flacourtia indica.
A simple mild leaf tea is used in several villages. Add about 2–3 g of fresh, clean leaves (roughly a generous small handful) to 250–300 ml of boiled water, cover, and steep 10–12 minutes; strain and sip a small cup 1–2 times a day as needed. If a stronger preparation is preferred, use 10–12 g of fresh leaves per 300 ml of water, bring to a boil, simmer for 10 minutes, cool briefly, and drink a small cup once daily for fever or cough (Shukla et al., 2010). Do not use for severe abdominal pain or diarrhea without medical advice, and limit to short courses; safety in pregnancy is not established.
Traditional activity is consistent with the plant’s known constituents. The leaves contain flavonoids, tannins, and ascorbic acid that confer antioxidant and astringent effects, while saponins contribute to expectorant actions that can help with coughs and catarrh. The bark is rich in tannins that act on mucous membranes and can help reduce watery stools, and the root and bark yield coumarins and phenolic acids associated with antispasmodic and mild analgesic actions (Kanda-Ngaou et al., 2016; Shukla et al., 2010).
Modern relevance is active. Contemporary pharmacological studies on extracts support antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antipyretic, and antioxidant activities in laboratory models, and commercial nurseries now market the species as a hardy tropical ornamental and fruit tree alongside ongoing traditional use for mild fevers, coughs, and stomach complaints in parts of India, East Africa, and South America.
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
The primary products derived from Flacourtia indica are fresh fruit and processed preserves. Mature berries are consumed out of hand or prepared as jams, jellies, chutneys, and sauces. Fruit is also candied or made into syrups and preserves for baking or pastry use.
Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
In some regions the fruit is used to make wines, syrups, or beverages by pulp extraction and clarification. Processing steps commonly include sorting, cleaning, pulping or crushing, pectin and sugar adjustment (if required), heat treatment (pasteurization or brief boiling), and container filling/cooling for shelf stability; where wines are made, clarification and stabilization are standard stages.
Properties relevant to use:
The fruit is acidic (low pH), contributing to a tangy flavor that supports both fresh consumption and preservation. Berry texture and soluble solids provide workable viscosity for jams and syrups. These characteristics allow typical fruit-processing operations without specialized equipment. The perishable nature of the fruit limits long-distance distribution, favoring local and regional markets and on-farm processing.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Myroxylon dicline | Blanco | Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 813. 1837 |
| Flacourtia afra | Pic.Serm. | Miss. Stud. Lago Tana 7(1): 97 (1951) |
| Flacourtia balansae | Gagnep. | Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 521 (1908) |
| Flacourtia elliptica | (Tul.) Warb. | Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 43 (1893) |
| Flacourtia frondosa | Clos | Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. IV, 8: 217 1857 |
| Flacourtia gambecola | Clos | Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 4, 8: 219 (1857) |
| Flacourtia heterophylla | Turcz. | Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(II): 331 (1854) |
| Flacourtia hilsenbergii | C.Presl | Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. , ser. 5, 3: 441 (1845) |
| Flacourtia hirtiuscula | Oliv. | Fl. Trop. Afr. 1: 121 (1868) |
| Flacourtia indica var. innocua | (Haines) H.O.Saxena & Brahmam | Fl. Orissa 1: 79 (1994) |
| Flacourtia kirkiana | H.M.Gardner | Trees Shrubs Kenya 21 1936 |
| Flacourtia lenis | Craib | Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 259 (1916) |
| Flacourtia lucida | Salisb. | Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 366 (1796) |
| Flacourtia obcordata | Roxb. | Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 , 3: 835 (1832) |
| Flacourtia parvifolia | Merr. | Lingnan Sci. J. 6: 328 (1928 publ. 1930) |
| Flacourtia perrottetiana | Clos | Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 4, 8: 218 (1857) |
| Flacourtia ramontchi | L'Hér. | Stirp. Nov. : 59 (1786) |
| Flacourtia ramontchi var. renvoizei | Fosberg | Kew Bull. 29: 254 (1974) |
| Flacourtia rotundifolia | Roxb. | Hort. Bengal. 73. |
| Flacourtia rotundifolia | Clos | Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 4, 8: 218 (1857) |
| Flacourtia sapida | Roxb. | Pl. Coromandel 1: 49 (1796) |
| Flacourtia sepiaria | Roxb. | Pl. Coromandel 1: 48 (1796) |
| Flacourtia thorelii | Gagnep. | Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 522 (1908) |
| Gmelina indica | Burm.f. | Fl. Indica : 132 (1768) |
| Gmelina javanica | Christm. | Vollst. Pflanzensyst. 2: 134 (1777) |
| Xylosma elliptica | Tul. | Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 5, 9: 343 (1868) |
| Stigmarota africana | Lour. | Fl. Cochinch. : 633 (1790) |
| Stigmarota edulis | Blanco | Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 560. 1845 |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | governor's plum |
| ace | rungkhom |
| Arabic | فلاكورة هندية |
| Bengali | বৈঁচি |
| dag | kiriŋa |
| Persian | رامونچی |
| Kannada | ಮಿರಡಿ |
| Latvian | indijas batakoplūme |
| Malagasy | ramontsy |
| Malayalam | അഘോരി |
| Russian | Флакуртия индийская |
| Swahili | mkingili |
| Thai | ตะขบป่า |
| Chinese | 细祥竻果 |
| Chinese | 鮹鱼 |
| Chinese | 一种维管植物 |
| Chinese | 刺篱木 |
| Chinese | 刺籬木 |
| Chinese | 刺子 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Africa click to expand
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East Tropical Africa
- Kenya
- Tanzania
- Uganda
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Northeast Tropical Africa
- Chad
- Ethiopia
- Somalia
- Sudan
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South Tropical Africa
- Angola
- Malawi
- Mozambique
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
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Southern Africa
- Botswana
- Cape Provinces
- Kwazulu-Natal
- Namibia
- Northern Provinces
-
West-central Tropical Africa
- Burundi
- Congo
- Rwanda
- Zaïre
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Western Indian Ocean
- Aldabra
- Comoros
- Madagascar
- Mauritius
- Réunion
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East Tropical Africa
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
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China
- China Southeast
- Hainan
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China
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Asia-tropical click to expand
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Indian Subcontinent
- Assam
- Bangladesh
- India
- Laccadive Islands
- Nepal
- Pakistan
- Sri Lanka
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Indo-China
- Cambodia
- Laos
- Myanmar
- Nicobar Nicobar
- Thailand
- Vietnam
-
Malesia
- Jawa
- Lesser Sunda Islands
- Malaya
- Philippines
- Sulawesi
-
Indian Subcontinent
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Pacific click to expand
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North-central Pacific
- Hawaii
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South-central Pacific
- Society Islands
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North-central Pacific
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Southern America click to expand
-
Caribbean
- Bahamas
- Dominican Republic
- Jamaica
- Leeward Islands
- Puerto Rico
- Trinidad-Tobago
-
Caribbean
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000925655 |
| UNII | 87ZLS9OB87 |
| Florida Plant Atlas | 1482 |
| USDA Plants | FLIN |
| Tropicos | 13200005 |
| INPN | 447219 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:365348-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-4813254 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 215655 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 210376 |
| Nature Serve | 2.156869 |
| IUCN Red List | 146188176 |
| IPNI | 365348-1 |
| iNaturalist | 163027 |
| GBIF | 5331162 |
| Freebase | /m/0bwg8d4 |
| EPPO | FLCIN |
| EOL | 487574 |
| USDA GRIN | 17118 |
| Wikipedia | Flacourtia_indica |
| CMAUP | NPO22355 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan glycosides | |||||
| 9-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-4-((4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2,3-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)oxy)-6,7-dimethoxynaphtho(2,3-c)furan-1(3H)-one | 131684 | Click to see | 702.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85303-H |
| 9-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-4-[3,4-dimethoxy-5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6,7-dimethoxy-3H-benzo[f][2]benzofuran-1-one | 14825498 | Click to see | 702.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85303-H |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Iridoids and derivatives | |||||
| (1R,4aS,6S,7R,7aS)-1,6-dihydroxy-7-methyl-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid | 25026155 | Click to see | 214.21 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,17R)-17-[(2R,5S)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 163042753 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85303-H |
| (3S,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,17R)-17-[(2R,5S)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol | 11870455 | Click to see | 414.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85303-H |
| 17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol | 86821 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C | 414.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85303-H |
| beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside | 296119 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85303-H |
| Sitogluside | 5742590 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85303-H |
| Stigmast-5-en-3-ol | 22012 | Click to see | 414.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85303-H |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds | |||||
| (-)-Sweroside | 161036 | Click to see | 358.34 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (7Alpha-Hydroxy)-Morroniside | 21593530 | Click to see CC1C2C(CC(O1)O)C(=COC2OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)OC | 406.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides | |||||
| (4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-[3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]methanone | 10789039 | Click to see | 436.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-benzoyloxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxyphenyl]methyl (1R,2R,6R)-1,2,6-trihydroxy-5-oxocyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate | 71575417 | Click to see | 576.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2012.12.019 |
| [2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(benzoyloxymethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxyphenyl]methyl (1R,2R,6R)-1,2,6-trihydroxy-5-oxocyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate | 71717399 | Click to see | 576.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2012.12.019 |
| beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 3-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl, 6-benzoate | 13889569 | Click to see | 406.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84606-3 |
| Flacourtin | 13889568 | Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(=O)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=CC(=C(C=C3)CO)O)O)O)O | 406.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84606-3 |
| Poliothrysoside | 3084295 | Click to see | 406.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2012.12.019 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / Xanthones | |||||
| 1,8-dihydroxy-5,6-dimethoxy-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyxanthen-9-one | 10555510 | Click to see | 598.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 2,6,8-trihydroxy-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyxanthen-9-one | 5321889 | Click to see | 422.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 2,6,8-trihydroxy-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyxanthen-9-one | 11801423 | Click to see | 584.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 2,8-dihydroxy-5,6-dimethoxy-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyxanthen-9-one | 11802108 | Click to see | 628.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Triptexanthoside C | 10552156 | Click to see | 466.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins | |||||
| (16S,17R)-17-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,6,16-trihydroxy-2,12,18-trioxapentacyclo[11.7.1.03,8.09,21.014,19]henicosa-1(21),3,5,7,9,13,19-heptaen-11-one | 10366382 | Click to see | 448.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2012.12.019 |
| (4S,8R,9S)-4,8-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,9-dihydroxy-4,8,9,10-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-2-one | 71661208 | Click to see | 452.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2012.12.019 |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides | |||||
| [(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-6-yl]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-3-yl] acetate | 101103838 | Click to see | 620.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-6-yl]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl] acetate | 101103837 | Click to see | 620.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one | 101390322 | Click to see | 564.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Isoorientin | 114776 | Click to see | 448.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Isovitexin | 162350 | Click to see | 432.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| isovitexin 2''-O-rhamnoside | 23844078 | Click to see | 578.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides | |||||
| 7-O-Beta-D-Glucopyranoside | 11294177 | Click to see | 462.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2012.12.019 |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |