Virola venosa

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Common products:
- Timber (heartwood, sapwood, logs, boards)
- Veneer (thin sliced wood used for surface finishes)
- Plywood (multi‑layer bonded wood)
- Pulp (raw material for paper and cellulose derivatives)

Industrial and craft applications:
- Furniture (tables, chairs, cabinets)
- Interior millwork (doors, paneling, molding)
- Light structural framing (wall studs, joists, roof rafters)
- Boat interior panels and marine joinery (non‑structural)
- Turnery, carving and craft objects (bowls, decorative items)
- Plywood for interior partitioning and furniture substrates

Colorants and tanning:
- Bark extracts used for leather tanning; yields hydrolyzable tannins suitable for vegetable tanning
- Provides a natural brown dye for wool and silk (protein fibers)

Wood and fiber:
- Light hardwood with density 0.50–0.60 g cm⁻³
- Tangential shrinkage 5–6 %, radial shrinkage 2–3 %
- Mechanical properties: modulus of rupture ≈80 MPa, compression strength parallel to grain ≈45 MPa
- Used for interior joinery, furniture, veneer, plywood, and non‑structural boat panels
- Fibers high in cellulose (≈45 % dry weight) and low in lignin (≈20 % dry weight) making them suitable for kraft pulp; pulp yields ~50 % of air‑dry weight

Properties relevant to use:
- Low lignin content facilitates chemical pulping, reducing energy and chemical consumption
- Bark rich in gallotannins (≈30 % dry weight) with tanning index >120 mg g⁻¹, providing good leather coloration
- Wood dimensional stability and moderate strength suit light structural applications
- High workability: machines well, takes stain and finish well

Standards and regulation:
- Classified as “timber – small‑dimension hardwood” under Brazilian forestry legislation
- Exports subject to FAO Timber Trade Guidelines; species not listed on CITES Appendices
- Pulp production must comply with ISO 14001 (environmental) and ISO 9001 (quality) management systems; veneer and plywood adhere to EN 316 (particleboard) and EN 300 (plywood) standards for dimensional tolerances

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Occurs in primary and secondary Amazonian lowland forests; IUCN Red List: Least Concern
- Harvesting conducted via selective logging; average rotation 20–30 years for sustainable yield
- Certification under Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) ensures traceability and forest health
- Monitoring by national forest inventories indicates stable population trends with no major decline

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