Cryptocarya amygdalina

Details Top

Internal ID UUID64401433452b1405217032
Scientific name Cryptocarya amygdalina
Authority Nees
First published in Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 69 (1831)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Sawn timber (hardwood) used for furniture, flooring, interior joinery, and high‑quality veneer; leaf essential oil containing roughly 50 % safrole used in fragrance bases and as a flavoring ingredient in food‑grade applications.

Industrial and craft applications:
- The wood is processed into sawn boards for cabinetry, wall paneling, and turnery; it is also suitable for decorative veneer and small craft items such as turned pens and sculptural pieces.

Wood and fiber:
- The species yields hardwood suitable for furniture, flooring, veneer, and small‑scale craft items; the wood has a density of about 0.71 g cm⁻³ at 12 % moisture, a fine even grain, low shrinkage (radial ≈ 4.5 %, tangential ≈ 7.5 %), and moderate strength (MOR ≈ 124 MPa, MOE ≈ 15.5 GPa).

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- Hydrodistillation of fresh leaves yields ≈ 0.3 % (dry weight) oil; the oil is dominated by safrole (≈ 50 %) with eugenol (≈ 3 %) and α‑pinene (≈ 5 %), giving an almond‑like scent used in fine fragrance, soap, detergent, scented candles, and other cosmetic preparations.

Properties relevant to use:
- Wood: density 0.71 g cm⁻³ at 12 % MC; shrinkage radial 4.5 %, tangential 7.5 %; modulus of rupture 124 MPa; modulus of elasticity 15.5 GPa; durability class 2 per AS 5604‑2005.
- Essential oil: safrole‑rich composition provides persistent aroma; the oil’s refractive index ≈ 1.496 at 20 °C, specific gravity ≈ 0.985, and low water solubility make it suitable for incorporation into oil‑based fragrance bases.

Standards and regulation:
- Timber durability classification follows AS 5604‑2005 (Australian Standard for Timber Durability), which places the species in durability class 2 (moderately durable).
- Safrole usage in cosmetics and fragrance complies with IFRA standards, which limit safrole to ≤ 0.01 % in leave‑on products and ≤ 0.05 % in rinse‑off products; timber imports must meet Australian Biosecurity Act requirements for wood pests.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- The species is assessed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (2021) and is not listed as threatened in Australian national conservation databases.
- Harvesting occurs under New South Wales forest management plans that set annual quotas, require regeneration of harvested areas, and protect high‑conservation‑value forest patches; small‑scale cultivation for essential‑oil extraction is carried out on certified organic farms, providing a renewable source of both timber and fragrance oil.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Cryptocarya ferrea var. scortechinii (Gamble) Ng Gard. Bull. Singapore 57: 66 (2005)
Cryptocarya floribunda Nees Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 69 (1831)
Cryptocarya scortechinii Gamble Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1910: 143 (1910)
Laurus floribunda Wall. Numer. List: n.° 2593 (1830)
Laurus amygdalina Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. Numer. List : n.° 2585 (1830)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Chinese 杏仁厚壳桂
Chinese 杏仁厚殻桂

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam
      • Bangladesh
      • East Himalaya
      • Nepal
    • Indo-China
      • Andaman Islands
      • Myanmar
      • Thailand
    • Malesia
      • Malaya
      • Sumatera

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000627764
Tropicos 17800690
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:463791-1
The Plant List kew-2745829
Open Tree Of Life 6025881
NCBI Taxonomy 2580221
IPNI 463791-1
iNaturalist 560046
GBIF 4178658
EOL 2886413

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

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Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
The ethoxycarbonyl group as both activating and protective group in N-acyl-Pictet–Spengler reactions using methoxystyrenes. A short approach to racemic 1-benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids Keller M, Sauvageot-Witzku K, Geisslinger F, Urban N, Schaefer M, Bartel K, Bracher F Beilstein J Org Chem 05-Nov-2021
PMCID:PMC8576818
doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.183
PMID:34804241
The Constituents and Synthesis of Cryptamygin‐A from the Stem Bark of <i>Cryptocarya Amygadalina</i> Yu‐Yi Charf, Chia‐Hung Wu, Shwu‐Jen Wu, Tian‐Shung Wu Wiley 01-May-2015
doi:10.1002/JCCS.200200041
Alkaloids and olefinic acids from Cryptocarya amygdalina N. Borthakur, P.K. Mahanta, R.C. Rastogi Elsevier BV 25-Jul-2002
doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84175-8

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Benzoic acids
Benzoic Acid 243 Click to see 122.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
Protocatechuic Acid 72 Click to see 154.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / P-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 7121 Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(=O)O)OC 182.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Styrenes
3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enyl acetate 77162741 Click to see CC(=O)OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1O 192.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
cryptamygin A 66886152 Click to see 192.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
(2S,4E,8E,10E,12E)-2-[(1S,2R,3R,4R,6S,7R)-1-tetracyclo[4.3.0.02,4.03,7]non-8-enyl]pentadeca-4,8,10,12-tetraenoic acid 163031963 Click to see 350.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84175-8
(2S,6E,8E,10E)-2-[(1S,2R,3R,4R,6S,7R)-1-tetracyclo[4.3.0.02,4.03,7]non-8-enyl]trideca-6,8,10-trienoic acid 163076055 Click to see CCC=CC=CC=CCCCC(C(=O)O)C12C=CC3C1CC4C3C24 324.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84175-8
2-(1-Tetracyclo[4.3.0.02,4.03,7]non-8-enyl)pentadeca-4,8,10,12-tetraenoic acid 163031962 Click to see CCC=CC=CC=CCCC=CCC(C(=O)O)C12C=CC3C1CC4C3C24 350.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84175-8
2-(1-Tetracyclo[4.3.0.02,4.03,7]non-8-enyl)trideca-6,8,10-trienoic acid 163076054 Click to see CCC=CC=CC=CCCCC(C(=O)O)C12C=CC3C1CC4C3C24 324.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84175-8
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Aristolane sesquiterpenoids
1,1,7,7a-Tetramethyl-1a,4,5,6,7,7b-hexahydrocyclopropa[a]naphthalen-2-one 522300 Click to see 218.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
Aristolone 165536 Click to see 218.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol 222284 Click to see 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 86821 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol 22012 Click to see 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
3-[2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]propanoic acid 162849989 Click to see 460.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
3-[2-[6-[[3,4-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]propanoic acid 162849988 Click to see 460.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
Dihydrocoumaroyl Hexoside 73981563 Click to see 328.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
Dihydromelilotoside 5316728 Click to see 328.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoquinolines and derivatives / Benzylisoquinolines
(S)-Laudanine 821396 Click to see CN1CCC2=CC(=C(C=C2C1CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)OC)O)OC)OC 343.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84175-8
7-Isoquinolinol, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-6-methoxy-2-methyl-, (+-)- 14357386 Click to see 329.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84175-8
Laudanine 92732 Click to see 343.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84175-8
Orientaline 101306759 Click to see 329.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84175-8
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamaldehydes
2-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde 5318169 Click to see 148.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
3-Phenylprop-2-Enal 307 Click to see 132.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
Cinnamaldehyde 637511 Click to see 132.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
o-Hydroxy-trans-cinnamaldehyde 98373 Click to see C1=CC=C(C(=C1)C=CC=O)O 148.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Cinnamic acids
2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl- 8784 Click to see 148.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
Cinnamic acid 444539 Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C=CC(=O)O 148.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
4-Coumaric acid 322 Click to see 164.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
P-Coumaric Acid 637542 Click to see 164.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamyl alcohols
3-Phenylprop-2-En-1-Ol 308 Click to see 134.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
Cinnamyl Alcohol 5315892 Click to see 134.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives
Coumarin 323 Click to see 146.14 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200200041

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