Details Top

Internal ID UUID644023562b2a0243447798
Scientific name Rhinanthus minor
Authority L.
First published in Amoen. Acad. 3: 54 (1756)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products: none documented.

Industrial and craft applications: none documented.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal): none documented.

Colorants and tanning: none documented.

Wood and fiber: none documented.

Fragrance and cosmetics: none documented.

Properties relevant to use: none documented.

Standards and regulation: none documented.

Sustainability and sourcing: none documented.


Scientific/model-organism use:
Rhinanthus minor is widely used as an experimental hemiparasitic model species in grassland ecology, plant–plant interaction studies, biodiversity–ecosystem function experiments, and community assembly research (e.g., Phoenix et al., 2003; Bardgett et al., 1998). Its readily germinated seeds and predictable host interactions make it suitable for randomized-block and mesocosm designs testing effects of parasitism on productivity, species composition, and nutrient cycling. Its use as a reference organism for hemiparasite ecology underpins model selection in community experiments and is supported by numerous datasets in the primary literature on plant–plant interaction and ecosystem responses.

Biodiversity/community experiment resource:
R. minor is a standard test taxon in European plant-biodiversity experiments, resource-acquisition field trials, and manipulative studies assessing community productivity responses to hemiparasitism (e.g., Hector et al., 1999). Small, easily sown seeds and consistent experimental performance facilitate replication, ecological interpretation, and comparison of treatment effects across sites.

Ecological classification and function:
As a facultative hemiparasite in northern and montane grasslands, R. minor serves as a model for understanding how parasitic plants influence host fitness, competitive balance, and species diversity in managed and semi-natural grasslands (Phoenix et al., 2003). These experimental deployments support ecological modeling of interaction strength, assembly rules, and community responses to functional trait variation.

Properties relevant to use:
Facultative hemiparasitism, small seed size enabling sowing and replication, and consistent host interactions underpin its deployment in manipulative experiments; no chemical or material properties are documented as relevant to non-medicinal use.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Mimulus crista-galli (L.) Scop. Fl. Carniol. , ed. 2, 1: 434 (1771)
Rhinanthus drummond-hayi (F.B.White) Druce Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 1903: 171 (1903)
Rhinanthus elatior (Schur) Tzvelev Opred. Sosud. Rast. Severo-Zap. Rossii : 680 (2000)
Rhinanthus hercynicus O.Schwarz Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 38: 47 (1935)
Rhinanthus calcareus Wilmott J. Bot. 78: 202 (1940)
Rhinanthus vachellae Wilmott Watsonia 1: 85 (1949)
Rhinanthus secundus Bréb. Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie 1: liii (1824)
Rhinanthus nigricans Meinsh. Fl. Ingr. Gouv. St. Petersburg : 259 (1878)
Rhinanthus obscurus Stephan Nom. Pl. Ager Mosq. : 35 (1804)
Rhinanthus lintonii Wilmott J. Bot. 78: 209 (1940)
Rhinanthus lochabrensis Wilmott J. Bot. 78: 211 (1940)
Rhinanthus longibracteatus (Kociejotoski) Domin Preslia 13-15: 190 (1935)
Rhinanthus pallens Wibel Prim. Fl. Werth. : 142 (1799)
Rhinanthus ramosus Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 511 (1866)
Rhinanthus rusticulus (Sterneck) Druce List Brit. Pl. : 54 (1908)
Rhinanthus rigidus Chabert Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 516 (1899)
Rhinanthus parviflorus Bluff & Fingerh. Comp. Fl. German. 2: 61 (1825)
Rhinanthus pratensis Vill. Fl. Delphinalis : 62 (1786)
Rhinanthus perrieri Chabert Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 510 (1899)
Rhinanthus crista-galli var. drummond-hayi F.B.White Scott. Naturalist (Perth) 8: 324 (1886)
Rhinanthus crus-galli Clem. & E.G.Clem. Rocky Mt. Flowers : 138 (1914)
Alectorolophus borealis Sterneck Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 3: 25 (1899)
Alectorolophus buccalis Heynh. Alph. Aufz. Gew. : 18 (1846)
Alectorolophus crista-galli M.Bieb. Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 68 (1808)
Alectorolophus drummond-hayi (F.B.White) Sterneck Abh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1(2): 155 (1901)
Alectorolophus glaber All. Fl. Pedem. 1: 58 (1785)
Alectorolophus glandulosus Sterneck Oesterr. Bot. Z. 45: 98 (1895)
Alectorolophus groenlandicus var. drummond-hayi (F.B.White) Ostenf. Bot. Færöes 1: 55 (1901)
Alectorolophus kyrollae (Chabert) Sterneck Abh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1(2): 119 (1901)
Alectorolophus longibracteatus Kociejotoski Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 1: 45 (1923)
Alectorolophus minor (L.) Dumort. Fl. Belg. : 33 (1827)
Alectorolophus parviflorus Wallr. Sched. Crit. : 318 (1822)
Alectorolophus personatus Behrendsen & Sterneck Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 45: 213 (1903) publ. 1904)
Alectorolophus pulchella Schumach. ex Wimm. Fl. Schles. : 277 (1841)
Alectorolophus ramosus Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 880 (1866)
Alectorolophus rigidus (Chabert) Sterneck Abh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1(2): 121 (1901)
Alectorolophus rusticulus Sterneck Abh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1(2): 108 (1901)
Alectorolophus stenophyllus Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 880 (1866)
Alectorolophus stenophyllus Sterneck Fl. Schweiz , ed. 2, 1: 459 (1905)
Alectorolophus villosus Dumort. Fl. Belg. : 33 (1827)
Fistularia alpina Wettst. Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 103 (1893)
Fistularia crista-galli Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 460 (1891)
Fistularia minor (L.) Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 460 (1891)
Rhinanthus borealis (Sterneck) Chabert Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 429 (1899)
Rhinanthus personatus Bég. Exsicc. (Fl. Ital) III, 12: 67 1914
Rhinanthus minor var. stenophyllus Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 511 (1866)
Rhinanthus minor var. elatior Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 511. 1866
Rhinanthus kyrollae Chabert Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 511 (1899)
Rhinanthus minor subsp. borealis (Sterneck) Á.Löve Bot. Not. 1950: 52 (1950)
Rhinanthus crista-galli L. Sp. Pl. : 603 (1753)
Rhinanthus angustifolius subsp. vernalis Soó
Rhinanthus grandiflorus subsp. vernalis Soó
Rhinanthus minor subsp. rusticulus O.Schwarz
Rhinanthus minor subsp. stenophyllus O.Schwarz
Rhinanthus serotinus subsp. vernalis Hyl.
Alectorolophus minor (L.) Wimm. & Grab. Fl. Siles. 2(1): 213. 1829 [Mar-Apr 1829]
Rhinanthus glaber Lam. Fl. Franç. 2: 352 (1779)
Rhinanthus crista-galli var. fallax W.D.J.Koch ex E.F.Linton J. Bot. 29: 80. 1891 [Mar 1891]
Alectorolophus minor var. fallax Wimm. & Grab. Fl. Siles. 2(1): 213. 1829 [Mar-Apr 1829]
Rhinanthus minor var. balticus (U.Schneid.) Hartl in G. Hegi, Illustr. Fl. Mitteleur. ed. 2, 6(1:5): 385 (1972):.
Rhinanthus borealis (Sterneck) Druce
Rhinanthus crista-galli var. minor (L.) Hartm. Handb. Skand. Fl. : 238 (1820)
Rhinanthus glaber subsp. minor (L.) Schübl. & G.Martens Fl. Würtemberg : 397 (1834)
Alectorolophus phallax var. hispanicus Sennen & Elías Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1924: n.° 5007 (1925)
Rhinanthus minor var. angustifolius Gren. Fl. France 2: 613 (1853)
Rhinanthus minor subvar. pubescens Merino Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 12: 46 (1914)
Rhinanthus crista-galli subsp. minor (L.) Bonnier & Layens Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France : 239 (1894)
Rhinanthus glaber var. minor (L.) Corb. Nouv. Fl. Normandie : 439 (1894)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English little yellow rattle
English cockscomb
English hayrattle
English yellow-rattle
English yellow rattle
Spanish cresta de gallo
Arabic خرخاشة صغيرة
Belarusian грамкі
Belarusian званец
Belarusian званкі
Belarusian ключыкі
Belarusian званец малы
Bulgarian малка клопачка
Catalan esquellada
Catalan cresta de gall
Czech kokrhel menší
Welsh cribell felen melyn
Danish liden skjaller
German kleiner klappertopf
Esperanto eta rinanto
Estonian väike robirohi
Basque kurkubi
Finnish pikkulaukku
French rhinanthe à petites fleurs
French petit rhinanthe
French cocriste vrai
frr letj panangrisang
Irish gliográn
Upper Sorbian mała hłuška
Hungarian csörgő kakascímer
Armenian Աքլորաբբուկ փոքր
Icelandic peningagras
Icelandic lokasjóður
Cornish klegh an myrghes
Macedonian мала шумарига
Norwegian Bokmål småengkall
Dutch kleine ratelaar
Norwegian Nynorsk småengkall
Polish szelężnik mniejszy
Russian Погремок малый
Slovak štrkáč menší
Slovenian mali škrobotec
smn ruttârääsi
Swedish liten höskallra
Swedish Ängsskallra
Swedish Äkta ängsskallra
Ukrainian Дзвінець малий
Chinese 佛甲草

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Rhinanthus minor subsp. minor Unknown
Rhinanthus minor subsp. monticola (Lamotte) P.Fourn. Quatre Fl. France : 788 (1937)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Start at 4°C for 3 months, then warm to 20°C for another 3 months.
parasitic, can survive and produce seed without host grass or clover but plants will be small; sow with caution in North America as it may become invasive

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-temperate
    • Caucasus
      • North Caucasus
    • Middle Asia
      • Kazakhstan
    • Russian Far East
      • Kamchatka
      • Khabarovsk
      • Primorye
      • Sakhalin
    • Siberia
      • Altay
      • West Siberia
  • Europe
    • Eastern Europe
      • Baltic States
      • Belarus
      • Central European Russia
      • East European Russia
      • Krym
      • North European Russia
      • Northwest European Russia
      • South European Russia
      • Ukraine
    • Middle Europe
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Czechoslovakia
      • Germany
      • Hungary
      • Netherlands
      • Poland
      • Switzerland
    • Northern Europe
      • Denmark
      • Finland
      • Føroyar
      • Great Britain
      • Iceland
      • Ireland
      • Norway
      • Sweden
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Albania
      • Bulgaria
      • Greece
      • Italy
      • Romania
      • Yugoslavia
    • Southwestern Europe
      • France
      • Portugal
      • Spain
  • Northern America
    • Eastern Canada
      • Labrador
      • New Brunswick
      • Newfoundland
      • Nova Scotia
      • Ontario
      • Québec
    • North-central U.S.A.
      • Wisconsin
    • Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Connecticut
      • Maine
      • Massachusetts
      • Michigan
      • New York
      • Vermont
    • Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Colorado
      • Idaho
      • Montana
      • Oregon
      • Washington
    • South-central U.S.A.
      • New Mexico
    • Southwestern U.S.A.
      • Arizona
    • Subarctic America
      • Alaska
      • Greenland
      • Northwest Territorie
    • Western Canada
      • Alberta
      • British Columbia
      • Manitoba
      • Saskatchewan

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000747233
Canadensys 7069
USDA Plants RHMI13
Tropicos 29200193
INPN 117616
Flora of Italy 5000
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30116962-2
The Plant List kew-2900773
Plantarium 31758
PaleoBotany 108031
Open Tree Of Life 146124
Observations.org 2716
NCBI Taxonomy 254782
NBN Atlas NBNSYS0000004135
Nature Serve 2.134575
IPNI 30116962-2
iNaturalist 61470
iNaturalist 61418
GBIF 3172043
Freebase /m/035sz0
EPPO RHIMI
EOL 485574
Elurikkus 6792
USDA GRIN 417257
Wikipedia Rhinanthus_minor

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCA_964270735.1 daRhiMino1.hap1.1 Chromosome WELLCOME SANGER INSTITUTE 2024-09-29 37 1.10 Gb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Analysis of Free Amino Acid Composition and Honey Plant Species in Seven Honey Species in China Yang J, Liu Y, Cui Z, Wang T, Liu T, Liu G Foods 29-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC11011401
doi:10.3390/foods13071065
PMID:38611369
Standardising bee sampling: A systematic review of pan trapping and associated floral surveys Krahner A, Dietzsch AC, Jütte T, Pistorius J, Everaars J Ecol Evol 17-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10944983
doi:10.1002/ece3.11157
PMID:38500849
How to successfully improve the biodiversity of city grasslands? Mollashahi H, Szymura TH, Szymura M Heliyon 13-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10955310
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27810
PMID:38515666
Land‐use affects pollinator‐specific resource availability and pollinator foraging behaviour Birkenbach M, Straub F, Kiesel A, Ayasse M, Wilfert L, Kuppler J Ecol Evol 07-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10918743
doi:10.1002/ece3.11061
PMID:38455145
Fertilization benefits the facultative parasitic plant Rhamphicarpa fistulosa while gains by the infected host Oryza sativa are marginalized Rodenburg J, Dümmer R, Ho YH, Bastiaans L Ann Bot 13-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC11005769
doi:10.1093/aob/mcad190
PMID:38092463
LandS: Vegetation modeling based on Ellenberg's ecological indicator values Rumohr Q, Grimm V, Lennartz G, Schäffer A, Toschki A, Roß-Nickoll M, Hudjetz S MethodsX 13-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10709510
doi:10.1016/j.mex.2023.102486
PMID:38076710
The most polyphagous insect herbivore? Host plant associations of the Meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.) Thompson V, Harkin C, Stewart AJ PLoS One 04-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10602594
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291734
PMID:37792900
Chasing the fitness optimum: temporal variation in the genetic and environmental expression of life-history traits for a perennial plant Kulbaba MW, Yoko Z, Hamilton JA Ann Bot 26-Jul-2023
PMCID:PMC10902883
doi:10.1093/aob/mcad100
PMID:37493041
Combined Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Highlights the Host’s Influence on Cistanche deserticola Metabolite Accumulation Feng R, Wei H, Xu R, Liu S, Wei J, Guo K, Qiao H, Xu C Int J Mol Sci 27-Apr-2023
PMCID:PMC10178529
doi:10.3390/ijms24097968
PMID:37175675
Water Content of Plant Tissues: So Simple That Almost Forgotten? Ievinsh G Plants (Basel) 08-Mar-2023
PMCID:PMC10058729
doi:10.3390/plants12061238
PMID:36986926
Plant Functional Dispersion, Vulnerability and Originality Increase Arthropod Functions from a Protected Mountain Mediterranean Area in Spring Calheiros-Nogueira B, Aguiar C, Villa M Plants (Basel) 16-Feb-2023
PMCID:PMC9960503
doi:10.3390/plants12040889
PMID:36840238
Long-Term Vegetation Changes and Socioeconomic Effects of River Engineering in Industrialized Areas (Southern Poland) Rahmonov O, Dragan W, Cabała J, Krzysztofik R Int J Environ Res Public Health 27-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC9915360
doi:10.3390/ijerph20032255
PMID:36767623
Scrub encroachment promotes biodiversity in temperate European wetlands under eutrophic conditions Brunbjerg AK, Fløjgaard C, Frøslev TG, Andersen DK, Bruun HH, Dalby L, Goldberg I, Lehmann LJ, Moeslund JE, Ejrnæs R Ecol Evol 01-Nov-2022
PMCID:PMC9627074
doi:10.1002/ece3.9445
PMID:36340817
Novel metallomic profiling and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of botanical ingredients for use in herbal, phytopharmaceutical and dietary products using HR-ICP-SFMS Kenny CR, Ring G, Sheehan A, Mc Auliffe MA, Lucey B, Furey A Sci Rep 20-Oct-2022
PMCID:PMC9584900
doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16873-1
PMID:36266322
Reduced pollinator service in small populations of Arabidopsis lyrata at its southern range limit Sánchez-Castro D, Armbruster G, Willi Y Oecologia 02-Sep-2022
PMCID:PMC9547784
doi:10.1007/s00442-022-05237-1
PMID:36053350

Phytochemical Profile Top

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