**Colorants and tanning:**
Anthocyanins (delphinidin-based) and flavonol glycosides (quercetin derivatives) in the inflorescences provide orange-red to purple hues, but the color is unstable without mordants; historical records document limited use as a natural dye for textile fibers in northern Europe, yielding fugitive colors unsuitable for commercial textiles.

**Scientific/model organism use:**
The species serves as a model organism in weed science and evolutionary biology due to its rapid generation time and occurrence in disturbed habitats. Herbicide resistance in *G. bifida* populations has been studied using whole-genome sequencing and transcriptomic approaches to elucidate metabolic pathways; populations from arable systems are deposited in germplasm banks as phenotypic resources for herbicide resistance screening and ecological genetics research. The plant's status as a non-crop reference species is maintained in databases like the International Weed Genomics Consortium and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Galeopsis tetrahit var. bifida	(Boenn.) Lej. & Courtois	Comp. Fl. Belg. 2: 241 (1828)
Galeopsis bifida var. emarginata	Nakai	Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 35: 173. 1921
Galeopsis tetrahit var. parviflora	Benth.	Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 12: 498. 1848
Galeopsis pallens	Briq.	Bull. Herb. Boissier 1: 389 (1893)
Galeopsis pernkofferi	Wettst.	Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. 6: 41 (1893)
Lamium artvinense	Yıld.	Ot Sist. Bot. Dergisi 19(1): 26 (2012)
Galeopsis tetrahit prol. bifida	(Boenn.) Rouy	Fl. France 11: 290 (1909)
Galeopsis tetrahit subsp. bifida	(Boenn.) Fr.	Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. 2: 38 (1839)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	splitlip hempnettle
English	dead-nettle
English	large-flowered hemp-nettle
English	lesser hemp-nettle
English	common hemp-nettle
English	bifid hemp-nettle
English	split-lip hemp-nettle
Arabic	سرعوبية مشقوقة
Belarusian	Зябер двухнадрэзаны
Czech	konopice dvouklaná
Welsh	y benboeth hollt
Danish	skov-hanekro
German	ausgerandeter hohlzahn
German	kleinblütiger hohlzahn
German	zweispaltiger hohlzahn
Estonian	pügaldunud kõrvik
Finnish	peltopillike
French	galéopsis bifide
Upper Sorbian	lěsny zabrij
Georgian	თავცეცხლა
Lithuanian	mažažiedė aklė
Latvian	Šķeltais aklis
Norwegian Bokmål	vrangdå
Dutch	gespleten hennepnetel
Polish	poziewnik dwudzielny
Russian	Пикульник двунадрезанный
Slovak	konopnica napuchnutá
Swedish	toppdån
Chinese	鼬瓣花根
Chinese	鼬瓣花
Chinese	野苏子
Chinese	野芝麻

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- China
  - China North-central
  - China South-central
  - Inner Mongolia
  - Manchuria
  - Qinghai
  - Tibet
- Eastern Asia
  - Japan
  - Korea
- Middle Asia
  - Kirgizstan
- Mongolia
  - Mongolia
- Russian Far East
  - Amur
  - Kamchatka
  - Khabarovsk
  - Kuril Islands
  - Primorye
  - Sakhalin
- Siberia
  - Altay
  - Buryatiya
  - Chita
  - Irkutsk
  - Krasnoyarsk
  - Tuva
  - West Siberia
  - Yakutskiya
- Western Asia
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - East Himalaya
  - Nepal

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - North European Russia
  - Northwest European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Great Britain
  - Ireland
  - Norway
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Romania
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - France

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - New Brunswick
  - Newfoundland
  - Nova Scotia
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Minnesota
  - Nebraska
  - North Dakota
  - South Dakota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Vermont
  - West Virginia
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Montana
  - Washington
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - North Carolina
  - Virginia
- Subarctic America
  - Alaska
- Western Canada
  - British Columbia
  - Manitoba
  - Saskatchewan

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000967949
Canadensys	6373
USDA Plants	GABI3
Tropicos	17600076
INPN	99277
Flora of Italy	4483
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:447034-1
The Plant List	kew-85339
Plantarium	16907
PFAF	Galeopsis bifida
Open Tree Of Life	391749
Observations.org	6807
NCBI Taxonomy	572113
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000004254
Nature Serve	2.137156
IPNI	447034-1
iNaturalist	55967
GBIF	5341303
Freebase	/m/0bbz7l5
EPPO	GAEBI
EOL	579601
Elurikkus	4826
Wikipedia	Galeopsis_bifida

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

The most polyphagous insect herbivore? Host plant associations of the Meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.)

Thompson V, Harkin C, Stewart AJ

PLoS One

04-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10602594
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0291734
PMID:	37792900

Leucosceptosides A and B: Two Phenyl-Ethanoid Glycosides with Important Occurrence and Biological Activities

Frezza C, De Vita D, Toniolo C, Sciubba F, Tomassini L, Venditti A, Bianco A, Serafini M, Foddai S

Biomolecules

02-Dec-2022

PMCID:	PMC9775335
doi:	10.3390/biom12121807
PMID:	36551235

Vegetation Affecting Water Quality in Small Streams: Case Study in Hemiboreal Forests, Latvia

Saklaurs M, Dubra S, Liepa L, Jansone D, Jansons Ā

Plants (Basel)

16-May-2022

PMCID:	PMC9142884
doi:	10.3390/plants11101316
PMID:	35631741

An updated tribal classification of Lamiaceae based on plastome phylogenomics

Zhao F, Chen YP, Salmaki Y, Drew BT, Wilson TC, Scheen AC, Celep F, Bräuchler C, Bendiksby M, Wang Q, Min DZ, Peng H, Olmstead RG, Li B, Xiang CL

BMC Biol

08-Jan-2021

PMCID:	PMC7796571
doi:	10.1186/s12915-020-00931-z
PMID:	33419433

Synanthropic Plants as an Underestimated Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: A Case of Galeopsis bifida (Lamiaceae)

Olennikov DN

Plants (Basel)

12-Nov-2020

PMCID:	PMC7696744
doi:	10.3390/plants9111555
PMID:	33198290

Ecology, threats and conservation status of Carex buekii (Cyperaceae) in Central Europe

Więcław H, Šumberová K, Bosiacka B, Hrivnák R, Dajdok Z, Mesterházy A, Minuzzo C, Martinetto E, Koopman J

Sci Rep

01-Aug-2019

PMCID:	PMC6671956
doi:	10.1038/s41598-019-47563-0
PMID:	31371740

Effects of dredging on the vegetation in a small lowland river

Stępień E, Zawal A, Buczyński P, Buczyńska E, Szenejko M

PeerJ

22-Jan-2019

PMCID:	PMC6346983
doi:	10.7717/peerj.6282
PMID:	30697485

The list of species registered in taiga meadow community during succession under enhanced radioactive background

Gruzdev B, Maystrenko T, Belykh E, Rybak A

Data Brief

05-May-2018

PMCID:	PMC5993173
doi:	10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.121
PMID:	29892628

Ethnobotanical study of traditional edible plants used by the Naxi people during droughts

Zhang L, Chai Z, Zhang Y, Geng Y, Wang Y

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

12-Sep-2016

PMCID:	PMC5020530
doi:	10.1186/s13002-016-0113-z
PMID:	27619157

New epoxy acids ofGaleopsis bifida

D. T. Asilbekova, S. D. Gusakova, G. P. Moiseeva, A. I. Glushenkova

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

24-Nov-2004

doi:	10.1007/BF00598754

New oxo acids of the seed oil ofGaleopsis bifida

S. D. Gusakova, T. V. Khomova

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

20-Nov-2004

doi:	10.1007/BF00575742

Epoxy and hydroxy acids of the seed oil ofGaleopsis bifida

S. D. Gusakova, I. I. Vinokurov, A. U. Umarov

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

20-Nov-2004

doi:	10.1007/BF00568505

Flavonoid p-coumaroylglucosides and 8-hydroxyflavone allosylglucosides in some labiatae

Francisco A. Tomás-Barbera̋n, María I. Gil, Federico Ferreres, Francisco Tomás-Lorente

Elsevier BV

25-Jul-2002

doi:	10.1016/0031-9422(92)83452-5

Flavonoid glycosides from Cassia alata.

Gupta D, Singh J

Phytochemistry

01-Jan-1991

doi:	10.1016/0031-9422(91)85140-U
PMID:	1367783

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Eicosanoids / Hepoxilins
10-(3-Oct-2-enyloxiran-2-yl)decanoic acid	75013325	Click to see CCCCCC=CCC1C(O1)CCCCCCCCCC(=O)O	324.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
cis-11,12-Epoxy-14(Z)-eicosenoic acid	162876973	Click to see	324.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
(11Z,14Z)-16-[(2S,3R)-3-ethyloxiran-2-yl]hexadeca-11,14-dienoic acid	163038063	Click to see CCC1C(O1)CC=CCC=CCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O	322.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
(7Z,10Z)-12-[(2S,3R)-3-ethyloxiran-2-yl]dodeca-7,10-dienoic acid	162979227	Click to see CCC1C(O1)CC=CCC=CCCCCCC(=O)O	266.38	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
(9E,12Z)-14-[(2S,3R)-3-ethyloxiran-2-yl]tetradeca-9,12-dienoic acid	162962840	Click to see	294.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
(9Z,12Z)-14-[(2S,3S)-3-ethyloxiran-2-yl]tetradeca-9,12-dienoic acid	101221947	Click to see	294.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
10-Oxooctadecanoic acid	361941	Click to see CCCCCCCCC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)O	298.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
11-(3-Pentyloxiran-2-yl)undec-9-enoic acid	1416	Click to see	296.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
12-(3-Ethyloxiran-2-yl)dodeca-7,10-dienoic acid	162979226	Click to see CCC1C(O1)CC=CCC=CCCCCCC(=O)O	266.38	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
14-(3-Ethyloxiran-2-yl)tetradeca-9,12-dienoic acid	53882399	Click to see	294.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
16-(3-Ethyloxiran-2-yl)hexadeca-11,14-dienoic acid	163038062	Click to see	322.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
9-Oxooctadecanoic acid	3083831	Click to see	298.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
Vernolic acid, cis-(+)-	6449780	Click to see	296.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids
(Z)-9-[(2S,3R)-3-pentyloxiran-2-yl]non-7-enoic acid	163048175	Click to see CCCCCC1C(O1)CC=CCCCCCC(=O)O	268.39	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
9-(3-Pentyloxiran-2-yl)non-7-enoic acid	163048174	Click to see CCCCCC1C(O1)CC=CCCCCCC(=O)O	268.39	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598754
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives
(E)-10-oxooctadec-8-enoic Acid	6443259	Click to see CCCCCCCCC(=O)C=CCCCCCCC(=O)O	296.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
(E)-9-oxooctadec-10-enoic Acid	6443258	Click to see CCCCCCCC=CC(=O)CCCCCCCC(=O)O	296.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
10-Oxooctadec-8-enoic acid	188625	Click to see	296.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
12-oxo-9E-octadecenoic acid	5312912	Click to see	296.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
12-Oxooctadec-9-enoic acid	94899	Click to see	296.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
12-Oxooctadeca-9,13,15-trienoic acid	86111239	Click to see	292.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
13-Oxo-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid	122164584	Click to see	292.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
13-Oxooctadeca-9,11,15-trienoic acid	53691468	Click to see	292.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
9-Oxo-10,12-octadecadienoic acid	5283011	Click to see	294.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
9-Oxooctadec-10-enoic acid	188624	Click to see CCCCCCCC=CC(=O)CCCCCCCC(=O)O	296.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
9-Oxooctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid	193923	Click to see CCCCCC=CC=CC(=O)CCCCCCCC(=O)O	294.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Squalene	638072	Click to see	410.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00568505
Super Squalene; trans-Squalene;AddaVax	1105	Click to see	410.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00568505
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glucuronides / Flavonoid-7-O-glucuronides
Clerodendrin	5488004	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O	622.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00575742
Scutellarin	185617	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	462.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85140-U
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
Apigenin 7-O-glucoside	5280704	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83452-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85140-U
Luteolin 7-O-glucoside	5280637	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85140-U

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Galeopsis bifida

Table of Contents

Details Top

Ethnobotanical Use Top

General Uses Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Gallery Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top