Dracocephalum peregrinum

Details Top

Internal ID UUID644038abef4a4074385416
Scientific name Dracocephalum peregrinum
Authority L.
First published in Cent. Pl. II : 20 (1756)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products:
- As an ornamental herb, Dracocephalum peregrinum is cultivated for rock gardens, alpine plantings, and border displays. Its spikes of blue‑purple flowers and aromatic foliage make it a popular choice for pollinator‑friendly gardens; plants are sold as seedlings or seeds for landscaping.
- The essential oil is extracted from fresh aerial parts (leaves, stems, and inflorescences) by hydrodistillation and marketed as a camphor‑rich fragrance material for use in perfumery and cosmetic formulations.

Industrial and craft applications:
- The camphor‑dominant essential oil serves as a natural scent component in soaps, detergents, and other household cleaning products, providing a fresh, medicinal‑type aroma while acting as a mild preservative.
- Artisans employ the oil in candle and incense production, where its volatility ensures a steady release of fragrance during burning, and in small‑scale craft projects such as natural aromatic potpourri and sachet making.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- Principal fragrance ingredient in perfume blends, especially in aromatic and woody accords, due to its camphor‑rich profile; formulation follows the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Standards for fragrance allergens.
- Incorporated into cosmetic bases (creams, lotions, shower gels) as a scent, meeting the safety requirements of the EU Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and national cosmetic laws.

Properties relevant to use:
- Essential oil composition: camphor (~30–50 % of total oil), 1,8‑cineole (~10–15 %), α‑pinene (~5–10 %), borneol (~3–5 %); these monoterpenes provide high volatility, characteristic odor, and good solubility in ethanol.
- Physical‑chemical characteristics include a density of 0.920–0.940 g cm⁻³, refractive index 1.470–1.485 at 20 °C, and a flash point > 60 °C, making the oil suitable for incorporation into both alcoholic and oil‑based fragrance bases.
- Hydrodistillation yields typically 0.2–0.5 % w/w oil from fresh plant material, and the oil is stable under normal storage conditions when kept in amber glass containers away from light.

Standards and regulation:
- Production and analytical testing of the oil follow ISO 3213 (determination of moisture content) and ISO 3515 (determination of aldehydes and ketones), ensuring batch consistency and purity.
- Fragrance use is governed by IFRA Standards for fragrance allergens, and all cosmetic products containing the oil must comply with the EU Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and applicable national regulations.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Commercial supply is based on cultivated plants; wild populations are managed through controlled harvesting or are excluded from collection to prevent depletion.
- Seed propagation, organic cultivation, and careful field management maintain genetic diversity and reduce environmental impact, supporting long‑term availability of the species.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Ruyschiana peregrina (L.) House Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 243-244: 67 (1923)
Ruyschiana verticillata Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 3 (1768)
Dracocephalum politowii Gand. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 65 (1918)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Russian Змееголовник чужеземный
Russian Змееголовник иноземный
Chinese 刺齿枝子花

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-temperate
    • China
      • Xinjiang
    • Middle Asia
      • Kazakhstan
    • Mongolia
      • Mongolia
    • Siberia
      • Altay
      • Irkutsk
      • Krasnoyarsk
      • Tuva
      • West Siberia

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000945430
Tropicos 17600054
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:446489-1
The Plant List kew-63869
Open Tree Of Life 6082252
Observations.org 138204
IPNI 446489-1
iNaturalist 849938
GBIF 3902181
EOL 2893764
Elurikkus 730541

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Triterpenoids and flavonoids from chloroform fraction of Dracocephalum peregrinum Peng Fu, Chun-Chao Zhao, Jian Tang, Yun-Heng Shen, Xi-Ke Xu, Wei-Dong Zhang Springer Science and Business Media LLC 06-Jan-2010
doi:10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
New flavonoid glycosides and cyanogenic glycosides from Dracocephalum peregrinum. Fu P, Zhao CC, Tang J, Shen YH, Xu XK, Zhang WD Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 01-Feb-2009
doi:10.1248/CPB.57.207
PMID:19182414

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(+)-Ursolic Acid 64945 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
(1R,3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS,13bS)-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol 46887588 Click to see 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 619166 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
3-Oxo-12-ursen-28-oic acid 13893949 Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(=O)C5(C)C)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O 454.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
Betulin 72326 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)CO 442.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
Betulinic Acid 64971 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
Lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid, 3beta-hydroxy- 2371 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3beta)- 521518 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
Lup-20(29)-ene-3beta,28-diol 221023 Click to see 442.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
Oleanolic Acid 10494 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
Urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-hydroxy-, (3beta)- 220774 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
Ursonic Acid 9890209 Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(=O)C5(C)C)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O 454.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Cyanogenic glycosides
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(R)-cyano(phenyl)methoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate 25208354 Click to see CC(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC(C#N)C2=CC=CC=C2)O)O)O 337.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.207
[6-[Cyano(phenyl)methoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate 74407998 Click to see 337.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.207
Prunasin 119033 Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C#N)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O 295.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.207
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
Apigenin 5280443 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O 270.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-5-acetyloxy-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxan-3-yl] acetate 25208353 Click to see 676.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.207
[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-5-acetyloxy-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxan-4-yl] acetate 25208202 Click to see 676.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.207
[(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-4-acetyloxy-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxan-3-yl] acetate 25208352 Click to see 676.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.207
[4-Acetyloxy-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxan-3-yl] acetate 74429337 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=CC(=C4C(=C3)OC(=CC4=O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)OC)O)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C 676.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.207
[5-Acetyloxy-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxan-4-yl] acetate 74429250 Click to see 676.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.207
[5-Acetyloxy-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxan-3-yl] acetate 74429338 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=CC(=C4C(=C3)OC(=CC4=O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)OC)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)C)O)OC(=O)C 676.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.207
Luteolin 7-galactoside 5291488 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O 448.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
Luteolin 7-O-glucoside 5280637 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O 448.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 4-O-methylated flavonoids
Acacetin 5280442 Click to see 284.26 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 7-O-methylated flavonoids
5-Hydroxy-6,7,3',4'-Tetramethoxyflavone 152430 Click to see 358.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4
Salvigenin 161271 Click to see 328.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9461-4

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