**Common products:**
Astragalus caprinus produces a water-soluble gum known as tragacanth, a branched polysaccharide exuded from injured stems and roots. This gum is a major commercial product of various *Astragalus* species, including *A. caprinus*.

**Industrial and craft applications:**
Tragacanth gum functions as a thickening, emulsifying, and stabilizing agent in diverse industrial applications. It is utilized in textile printing and dyeing as a thickener for dyes and mordants, aiding color adhesion and pattern precision on fabrics. Its adhesive properties make it suitable for use in bookbinding and paper handicrafts.

**Fragrance and cosmetics:**
Within the fragrance and cosmetics industry, tragacanth gum acts as a stabilizer and emulsifier in creams, lotions, and other emulsions. It imparts viscosity and smooth texture to formulations, helping prevent phase separation and contributing to product consistency.

**Properties relevant to use:**
Tragacanth gum from *Astragalus* species possesses high solubility in water, forming viscous, stable solutions at low concentrations. It exhibits excellent thickening and stabilizing capabilities without significantly altering the color or odor of the final product. It is also stable over a broad pH range.

**Standards and regulation:**
The tragacanth gum industry operates under established quality standards. International standards (e.g., ISO 68) and national pharmacopeias (such as the European Pharmacopoeia and United States Pharmacopoeia) define grading, purity requirements, microbial limits, and permissible ash levels for tragacanth gum used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.

**Sustainability and sourcing:**
Commercial tragacanth gum is primarily wild-harvested in its native regions across the Mediterranean and Middle East, including areas where *A. caprinus* occurs. Sustainable harvesting practices are necessary to prevent over-exploitation of wild populations, ensuring the long-term availability of this resource.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Astragalus caprinus subsp. eu-caprinus	Maire
Astragalus beersabeensis	Eig
Astragalus caprinus subsp. lanigerus	(Desf.) Maire
Myobroma caprina	(L.) Steven	Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou4: 268 (1832)
Tragacantha caprina	(L.) Kuntze	Revis. Gen. Pl.2: 943 (1891)
Astragalus laniger	Desf.	Fl. Atlant. 2: 181 (1799)
Astragalus caprinus var. hirsutus	DC.	Astragalogia : 214 (1802)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
Arabic	قتاد ماعزي

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Astragalus caprinus subsp. caprinus	L.	Unknown
Astragalus caprinus subsp. huetii	(Bunge) Podlech	Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München25: 155 (1988)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

Suggest a correction or add new data!

No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Egypt
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Saudi Arabia
- Western Asia
  - Cyprus
  - Iran
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Palestine
  - Sinai
  - Turkey

Europe click to expand
- Southeastern Europe
  - Sicilia

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000212469
Tropicos	13025544
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:476658-1
The Plant List	ild-7547
Open Tree Of Life	754108
Observations.org	115288
NCBI Taxonomy	1042474
IPNI	476658-1
iNaturalist	514697
GBIF	5344548
EOL	703043
Elurikkus	522514
USDA GRIN	314489

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Five New Tamarixetin Glycosides from Astragalus thracicus Griseb. Including Some Substituted with the Rare 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric Acid and Their Collagenase Inhibitory Effects In Vitro

Vasilev H, Šmejkal K, Jusková S, Vaclavik J, Treml J

ACS Omega

08-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11044239
doi:	10.1021/acsomega.3c09677
PMID:	38680358

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Disorder of Reproductive Age, Its Pathogenesis, and a Discussion on the Emerging Role of Herbal Remedies

Zeng LH, Rana S, Hussain L, Asif M, Mehmood MH, Imran I, Younas A, Mahdy A, Al-Joufi FA, Abed SN

Front Pharmacol

18-Jul-2022

PMCID:	PMC9340349
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2022.874914
PMID:	35924049

Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds of Western Siberia Astragalus danicus in different regions

Babich O, Prosekov A, Zaushintsena A, Sukhikh A, Dyshlyuk L, Ivanova S

Heliyon

10-Aug-2019

PMCID:	PMC6700501
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02245
PMID:	31453402

Flavonoids from the Genus Astragalus: Phytochemistry and Biological Activity

Bratkov VM, Shkondrov AM, Zdraveva PK, Krasteva IN

Pharmacogn Rev

01-Jan-2016

PMCID:	PMC4791984
doi:	10.4103/0973-7847.176550
PMID:	27041870

A new oleanane glycoside from the roots of Astragalus caprinus.

Mitaine-Offer AC, Miyamoto T, Semmar N, Jay M, Lacaille-Dubois MA

Magn Reson Chem

01-Jul-2006

doi:	10.1002/MRC.1809
PMID:	16602077

New flavonol tetraglycosides from Astragalus caprinus.

Semmar N, Fenet B, Gluchoff-Fiasson K, Comte G, Jay M

Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)

01-Jul-2002

doi:	10.1248/CPB.50.981
PMID:	12130861

Four new flavonol glycosides from the leaves of Astragalus caprinus.

Semmar N, Fenet B, Gluchoff-Fiasson K, Hasan A, Jay M

J Nat Prod

01-Apr-2002

doi:	10.1021/NP010328L
PMID:	11975505

Two new glycosides from Astragalus caprinus.

Semmar N, Fenet B, Lacaille-Dubois MA, Gluchoff-Fiasson K, Chemli R, Jay M

J Nat Prod

01-May-2001

doi:	10.1021/NP0005311
PMID:	11374969

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(3S,6R)-6-[(1S,3R,6S,8R,9S,11S,12S,14S,15R,16R)-9,14-dihydroxy-7,7,12,16-tetramethyl-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-15-pentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecanyl]-2,2,6-trimethyloxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	21592433	Click to see	785.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0005311
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-[[(3S,4S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aR,9R,12aS,14aR,14bR)-9-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl]oxy]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	163043877	Click to see	913.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.1809
2-[6-[9,14-Dihydroxy-7,7,12,16-tetramethyl-6-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy-15-pentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecanyl]-2,2,6-trimethyloxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	73079739	Click to see CC1(C(CCC23C1C(CC4C2(C3)CCC5(C4(CC(C5C6(CCC(C(O6)(C)C)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)C)O)C)C)O)OC8C(C(C(CO8)O)O)O)C	785.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0005311
6-[[9-[3,4-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl]oxy]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	163043876	Click to see	913.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.1809
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
(3S)-5-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-5-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-oxopentanoic acid	163001138	Click to see	738.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010328L
(3S)-5-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-5-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-oxopentanoic acid	163026497	Click to see	754.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010328L
(3S)-5-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-5-[(2S,3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-oxopentanoic acid	163026496	Click to see	754.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010328L
(3S)-5-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-5-[(2S,3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-oxopentanoic acid	163001139	Click to see CC(CC(=O)O)(CC(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(OC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)OC)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O)OC5C(C(CO5)(CO)O)O)O)O)O	738.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010328L
[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-2-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	163191668	Click to see	1050.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.50.981
[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-2-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	163187475	Click to see	1020.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.50.981
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-5-hydroxy-3-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-4-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	163189797	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC7=CC(=C(C=C7)O)OC)O)O)OC8C(C(C(CO8)O)O)O)O	1050.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.50.981
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-5-hydroxy-3-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-4-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	163185484	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC7=CC=C(C=C7)O)O)O)OC8C(C(C(CO8)O)O)O)O	1020.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.50.981
[2-[5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-6-[[3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-5-hydroxy-3-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-4-yl] 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	162948720	Click to see	1050.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.50.981
[2-[5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-6-[[3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-5-hydroxy-3-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-4-yl] 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	162895011	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC7=CC=C(C=C7)O)O)O)OC8C(C(C(CO8)O)O)O)O	1020.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.50.981
[6-[5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-2-[[3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-3-yl] 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	163018235	Click to see	1050.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.50.981
[6-[5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-2-[[3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-3-yl] 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	162847753	Click to see	1020.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.50.981
3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	10898196	Click to see	858.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0005311
3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromen-4-one	162971635	Click to see	874.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010328L
3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	162938777	Click to see	874.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.50.981
3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	162953053	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)OC6C(C(C(CO6)O)O)O)O	726.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010328L
3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	162953052	Click to see	726.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010328L
3-[3-[3,4-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromen-4-one	73819193	Click to see	874.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010328L
3-[3-[3,4-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	85307573	Click to see	858.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0005311
3-[6-[[3,5-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	73819192	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)OC6C(C(C(CO6)O)O)O)O	726.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010328L
3-[6-[[3,5-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4,5-dihydroxy-3-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	162938776	Click to see	874.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.50.981
5-[[5-[3,4-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-oxopentanoic acid	73819190	Click to see	738.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010328L
5-[[5-[3,4-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-oxopentanoic acid	73819191	Click to see CC(CC(=O)O)(CC(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(OC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)OC)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)OC5C(C(CO5)(CO)O)O)O)O)O	754.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010328L

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Astragalus caprinus

Table of Contents

Details Top

Ethnobotanical Use Top

General Uses Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Gallery Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top