Ipomopsis aggregata

Details Top

Internal ID UUID64404b2233af4480756036
Scientific name Ipomopsis aggregata
Authority (Pursh) V.E.Grant
First published in Aliso 3: 360 (1956)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products:
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) tubers are processed into flour, starch, and feed products. Tubers and leaves are consumed as vegetables worldwide. Native varieties, particularly purple-fleshed cultivars, provide natural food colorants (anthocyanins).

Industrial and craft applications:
Sweet potato starch is used industrially as a binding agent and filling material. It is favored over other starches for biodegradable films and bioplastics due to its high amylose content, which enhances film-forming properties. Starch-based adhesives and coatings also utilize sweet potato starch. The high carbohydrate yield makes the tuber suitable as a feedstock for biofuel production (bioethanol).

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Tubers are consumed fresh, baked, boiled, fried, or processed into chips, fries, purees, and flakes. The starch is extracted for use in baked goods, noodles, and as a food thickener. The leaves and young shoots are consumed as leafy vegetables. Purple-fleshed tubers yield anthocyanin extracts used as natural purple/blue food colorants. Starch is fermented for products like alcoholic beverages.

Colorants and tanning:
Anthocyanins extracted from purple-fleshed cultivars function as natural colorants (E163). Their stability at neutral to alkaline pH makes them suitable for confectionery and beverages.

Wood and fiber:
The plant is herbaceous and does not provide timber or fiber for craft applications.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Sweet potato is not commonly used in perfumery. Cosmetic applications are primarily limited to minor uses of starch or derived compounds as excipients or fillers in formulations.

Properties relevant to use:
Sweet potato starch is characterized by a high amylose content, often exceeding 20% in some varieties, enhancing its suitability for film formation. The anthocyanins in purple-fleshed cultivars are primarily cyanidin-based glycosides.

Standards and regulation:
Food uses comply with national food additive regulations for anthocyanins (e.g., E163 in the EU). Starch for industrial use follows standard specifications like those for starch ISO 1666 or relevant pharmacopoeias.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Sweet potato offers high carbohydrate yield per hectare and adaptability to marginal soils, potentially requiring lower inputs than cereal starch crops like maize or cassava. Its cultivation contributes to food security, with tubers and leaves providing dual food products.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Navarretia aggregata Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 433 (1891)
Batanthes aggregata Raf. Atlantic J. 1: 145 (1832)
Batanthes pulchella Greene Leaflets Bot. Obs. i 224 (1906).
Batanthes scopulorum Greene Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 224 (1906)
Callisteris aggregata (Pursh) Greene Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 159 (1905)
Callisteris pulchella (Douglas ex Benth.) Greene Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 160 (1905)
Cantua aggregata Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 147 (1813)
Collomia aggregata Porter ex A.Gray Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1): 394 (1878)
Gilia aggregata Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 626 (1824)
Gilia aggregata f. pulchella (Douglas ex Benth.) Wherry Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 73: 199 (1946)
Gilia aggregata f. ventrensis Brand Pflanzenr. , IV, 250: 116 (1907)
Gilia pulchella Douglas ex Benth. Edwards's Bot. Reg. 19: t. 1622 (1833)
Gilia scariosa Rydb. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 632 (1904)
Ipomopsis elegans Lindl. Edwards's Bot. Reg. 15: t. 1281 (1829)
Ipomeria aggregata Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 124 (1818)
Gilia aggregata f. aurea J.F.Macbr. & Payson Contr. Gray Herb. 49: 64 (1917)
Gilia aggregata subsp. eu-aggregata Brand Pflanzenr. , IV, 250: 115 (1907)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English skyrocket
English scarlet gilia
Persian شیپور سرخ
nv dlodziłgai bichʼil
Chinese 聚伞红杉花
Chinese 聚花红莉花

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Ipomopsis aggregata subsp. attenuata (A.Gray) V.E.Grant & A.D.Grant Aliso 3: 360 (1956)
Ipomopsis aggregata subsp. bridgesii (A.Gray) V.E.Grant & A.D.Grant Aliso 3: 361 (1956)
Ipomopsis aggregata subsp. candida (Rydb.) V.E.Grant & A.D.Grant Aliso 3: 360 (1956)
Ipomopsis aggregata subsp. formosissima (Greene) Wherry Aliso 5: 5 (1961)
Ipomopsis aggregata subsp. aggregata
Ipomopsis aggregata subsp. carmenensis Henrickson Aliso 11: 591 (1987)
Ipomopsis aggregata subsp. collina (Greene) Wilken & Allard Syst. Bot. 11: 11 (1986)
Ipomopsis aggregata subsp. weberi V.E.Grant & Wilken Bot. Gaz. 147: 367 (1986)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.
Resents Transplanting: These plants do not tolerate the disturbance of their roots well. It's best to sow these seeds in their final growing location or in a container from which they can be moved without disturbing the root ball.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Northern America
    • Mexico
      • Mexico Northeast
      • Mexico Northwest
    • North-central U.S.A.
      • Oklahoma
    • Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Colorado
      • Idaho
      • Montana
      • Oregon
      • Washington
      • Wyoming
    • South-central U.S.A.
      • New Mexico
      • Texas
    • Southwestern U.S.A.
      • Arizona
      • California
      • Nevada
      • Utah
    • Western Canada
      • British Columbia

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0001099625
Canadensys 8042
USDA Plants IPAG
Tropicos 25800208
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:129820-2
The Plant List tro-25800208
PFAF Ipomopsis aggregata
Open Tree Of Life 581695
NCBI Taxonomy 40742
Nature Serve 2.157266
IPNI 129820-2
iNaturalist 52136
GBIF 2927979
Freebase /m/0crspz
EOL 580639
Calflora (Californian flora) 4331
USDA GRIN 316898
Wikipedia Ipomopsis_aggregata

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
A test of balanced fitness limitations theory: Pollen limitation in plants Rosenheim JA, Williams NM, Rapp JM, Schreiber SJ Ecol Evol 31-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10830348
doi:10.1002/ece3.10911
PMID:38304270
Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Flowers: Ecological Roles, Production by Plants, Extraction, and Identification Lo MM, Benfodda Z, Molinié R, Meffre P Plants (Basel) 31-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10857460
doi:10.3390/plants13030417
PMID:38337950
Pollinator and habitat-mediated selection as potential contributors to ecological speciation in two closely related species Campbell DR, Powers JM, Crowell M Evol Lett 23-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10959478
doi:10.1093/evlett/qrad060
PMID:38525033
Recent Advances in the Application of Cucurbitacins as Anticancer Agents Zieniuk B, Pawełkowicz M Metabolites 14-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10608718
doi:10.3390/metabo13101081
PMID:37887406
Water deficit changes patterns of selection on floral signals and nectar rewards in the common morning glory García Y, Dow BS, Parachnowitsch AL AoB Plants 25-Aug-2023
PMCID:PMC10601024
doi:10.1093/aobpla/plad061
PMID:37899982
Nitrogen Addition Affects Interannual Variation in Seed Production in a Tibetan Perennial Herb Lou Y, Wang R, Che P, Zhao C, Chen Y, Yang Y, Mu J Biology (Basel) 14-Aug-2023
PMCID:PMC10452069
doi:10.3390/biology12081132
PMID:37627016
Divergent responses of generalist and specialist pollinators to experimental drought: Outcomes for plant reproduction Gambel J, Holway DA Ecology 13-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10524995
doi:10.1002/ecy.4111
PMID:37243967
Transcriptome Analysis of the Late-Acting Self-Incompatibility Associated with RNase T2 Family in Camellia oleifera Li C, Lu M, Zhou J, Wang S, Long Y, Xu Y, Tan X Plants (Basel) 09-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10223774
doi:10.3390/plants12101932
PMID:37653852
Does Reproductive Success in Natural and Anthropogenic Populations of Generalist Epipactis helleborine Depend on Flower Morphology and Nectar Composition? Brzosko E, Bajguz A, Burzyńska J, Chmur M Int J Mol Sci 21-Feb-2023
PMCID:PMC10001846
doi:10.3390/ijms24054276
PMID:36901705
Seasonal variation in the response of a monoecious crop to increased temperature and fertilizers López-Atanacio M, Lucas-García R, Rosas-Guerrero V, Alemán-Figueroa L, Kuk-Dzul JG, Hernández-Flores G Front Plant Sci 07-Oct-2022
PMCID:PMC9585307
doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1012859
PMID:36275540
Genetic and spatial variation in vegetative and floral traits across a hybrid zone Campbell DR, Raguso RA, Midzik M, Bischoff M, Broadhead GT Am J Bot 04-Oct-2022
PMCID:PMC9828138
doi:10.1002/ajb2.16067
PMID:36193908
Predicting how pollinator behavior causes reproductive isolation Hopkins R Ecol Evol 19-Apr-2022
PMCID:PMC9019001
doi:10.1002/ece3.8847
PMID:35462980
Water availability affects the relationship between pollen intensity and seed production Recart W, Campbell DR AoB Plants 02-Dec-2021
PMCID:PMC8711293
doi:10.1093/aobpla/plab074
PMID:34987746
Brief survey on phytochemicals to prevent COVID-19 Pal S, Chowdhury T, Paria K, Manna S, Parveen S, Singh M, Sharma P, Islam SS, Abu Imam Saadi SM, Mandal SM 06-Nov-2021
PMCID:PMC8573676
doi:10.1016/j.jics.2021.100244
Effects of fertilisation on grass and forb gamic reproduction in semi-natural grasslands Scotton M, Rossetti V Sci Rep 27-Sep-2021
PMCID:PMC8476543
doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98756-5
PMID:34580410

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenediols / Hydroquinones
Hydroquinone 785 Click to see 110.11 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50032A037
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cucurbitacins
[6-(2,16-dihydroxy-4,4,9,13,14-pentamethyl-3,11-dioxo-2,7,8,10,12,15,16,17-octahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxohept-3-en-2-yl] acetate 2885 Click to see CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C=CC(=O)C(C)(C1C(CC2(C1(CC(=O)C3(C2CC=C4C3CC(C(=O)C4(C)C)O)C)C)C)O)O 558.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600730335
[6-(3,16-dihydroxy-4,4,9,13,14-pentamethyl-2,11-dioxo-3,7,8,10,12,15,16,17-octahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxohept-3-en-2-yl] acetate 434841 Click to see CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C=CC(=O)C(C)(C1C(CC2(C1(CC(=O)C3(C2CC=C4C3CC(=O)C(C4(C)C)O)C)C)C)O)O 558.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600730335
3-Epi-Isocucurbitacin B 6442968 Click to see 558.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600730335
Cucurbitacin B 5281316 Click to see CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C=CC(=O)C(C)(C1C(CC2(C1(CC(=O)C3(C2CC=C4C3CC(C(=O)C4(C)C)O)C)C)C)O)O 558.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600730335
Isocucurbitacin B 5352014 Click to see 558.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600730335
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
Schottenol 3-glucoside 12960489 Click to see 576.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969601
Schottenol glucoside 124879 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2=CCC4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C 576.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969601
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins
Scopoletin 5280460 Click to see 192.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50031A014
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Eupalitin 5748611 Click to see COC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1)OC(=C(C2=O)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)O)OC 330.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
Eupatolitin 5317291 Click to see 346.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
Patuletin 5281678 Click to see 332.26 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one 162936704 Click to see COC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1)OC(=C(C2=O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)OC 508.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one 162936705 Click to see COC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1)OC(=C(C2=O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)OC 508.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one 14630676 Click to see 508.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one 163036014 Click to see 494.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one 14134315 Click to see 494.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxychromen-4-one 163051542 Click to see COC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1)OC(=C(C2=O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)OC 670.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxychromen-4-one 102403055 Click to see 656.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
3-[3,4-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxychromen-4-one 163051541 Click to see COC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1)OC(=C(C2=O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)OC 670.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
3-[3,4-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxychromen-4-one 163075576 Click to see 656.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-3-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one 162992924 Click to see 492.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
CID 23588599 23588599 Click to see 492.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
Eupalitin 3-galactoside 9805669 Click to see 492.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
Patuletin 3-O-Beta-D-Galactoside 5320434 Click to see 494.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Pyranoisoflavonoids
Ipomopsin 5491777 Click to see 382.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50031A014

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