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Polygonatum biflorum

Polygonatum biflorum - Unknown
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Table of Contents

Details
Description
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Biological Material
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID64401fc8412d2517974248
Scientific name Polygonatum biflorum
Authority (Walter) Elliott
First published in Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1: 393 (1817)

Description Top

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Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Polygonatum angustifolium Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 234 (1813)
Polygonatum latifolium Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 235. 1813 (1813)
Polygonatum parviflorum A.Dietr. Allg. Gartenzeitung 3: 222 (1835)
Polygonatum ovatum (Farw.) Bush Amer. Midl. Naturalist 10: 397 (1927)
Polygonatum cobrense (Wooton & Standl.) R.R.Gates Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 44: 126 (1917)
Polygonatum commutatum (Schult. & Schult.f.) A.Dietr. Allg. Gartenzeitung 3: 223 (1835)
Polygonatum ellipticum Farw. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 255 (1915)
Polygonatum canaliculatum (Willd.) Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 234 (1813)
Polygonatum hebetifolium (R.R.Gates) Bush Amer. Midl. Naturalist 10: 391 (1927)
Polygonatum giganteum A.Dietr. Allg. Gartenzeitung 3: 222 (1835)
Polygonatum virginicum Greene Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 181 (1906)
Salomonia commutata (Schult. & Schult.f.) Britton Man. Fl. N. U.S. 273.
Salomonia biflora (Walter) Britton Man. Fl. N. U.S. 273.
Salomonia cobrensis Wooton & Standl. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. xvi. 113 (1913).
Sigillaria elliptica Raf. Autik. Bot. : 68 (1840)
Sigillaria angustifolia (Pursh) Raf. Autik. Bot. : 68 (1840)
Sigillaria biflora (Walter) Raf. Autik. Bot. : 68 (1840)
Sigillaria canaliculata (Willd.) Raf. Autik. Bot. : 68 (1840)
Polygonatum canaliculatum f. foliatum (H.M.Clarke) J.W.Moore Rhodora 52: 56 (1950)
Polygonatum multiflorum var. canaliculatum (Willd.) Alph.Wood Class-book Bot. : 396 (1845)
Polygonatum multiflorum var. biflorum (Walter) Alph.Wood Class-book Bot. : 296 (1845)
Polygonatum melleum Farw. Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 170 (1918)
Polygonatum latifolium var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult.f.) Baker J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 555 (1875)
Polygonatum commutatum var. virginicum (Greene) R.R.Gates Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 44: 123 (1917)
Polygonatum commutatum var. ovatum (Farw.) R.R.Gates Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 44: 124 (1917)
Polygonatum commutatum var. lineamentosum Lunell Amer. Midl. Naturalist 5: 94 (1917)
Polygonatum canaliculatum var. rotundifolium J.W.Moore Rhodora 52: 55 (1950)
Polygonatum commutatum f. ramosum McGivney Amer. Midl. Naturalist 9: 664 (1925)
Polygonatum biflorum var. ovatum Farw. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 255 (1915)
Polygonatum canaliculatum var. ovatum (Farw.) E.J.Palmer & Steyerm. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 22: 503 (1935)
Polygonatum canaliculatum var. oblongifolium Farw. Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 22: 181 (1921)
Polygonatum canaliculatum var. americanum (Hook.) Farw. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 256 (1915)
Polygonatum canaliculatum f. ramosum (McGivney) Clute Amer. Bot. (Binghamton) 49: 73 (1943)
Polygonatum biflorum var. virginicum (Greene) Farw. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 254 (1915)
Polygonatum commutatum f. foliatum H.M.Clarke Amer. Midl. Naturalist 39: 762 (1948)
Polygonatum biflorum var. necopinum R.P.Ownbey Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 31: 401 (1944)
Polygonatum biflorum var. melleum (Farw.) R.P.Ownbey Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 31: 399 (1944)
Polygonatum biflorum var. hebetifolium R.R.Gates Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 44: 121 (1917)
Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult.f.) Morong Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 480 (1893)
Polygonatum biflorum f. ramosum (McGivney) Fernald Rhodora 46: 12 (1944)
Convallaria angustifolia (Pursh) Poir. Encycl. , Suppl. 5: 737 (1817)
Convallaria biflora Walter Fl. Carol. : 122 (1788)
Convallaria canaliculata Willd. Enum. Pl. : 45 (1809)
Convallaria commutata Schult. & Schult.f. Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 7: 1671 (1820)
Convallaria gigantea hort. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. [Kunth] 5: 136. 1850 [10-11 Jun 1850]
Polygonatum biflorum var. giganteum (A.Dietr.) Alph.Wood Amer. Bot. Fl. 1870: 346.
Polygonatum canaliculatum var. giganteum (A.Dietr.) Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 148 1867
Polygonatum multiflorum var. americanum Hook. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 176 (1839)
Polygonatum canaliculatum var. giganteum (A.Dietr.) Farw. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 256, pl. 1915
Salomonia commutatum (Schult.f.) Farw.
Polygonatum biflorum subvar. ellipsoidale Farw. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11: 78. 1928
Polygonatum canaliculatum subvar. ellipticum Farw. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11: 78. 1928

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English smooth solomon's seal
Arabic عقداء ثنائية الأزهار
Persian پلیگناتوم بیفلروم

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.
Pulpy Coat Inhibits Germination: Seeds with a pulpy or fleshy outer coat need to have this material removed by soaking and rinsing in clean water daily for about a week. The inhibitory substances in the pulp are thus washed away, and germination rates improve.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Northern America
    • Eastern Canada
      • Ontario
      • Québec
    • Mexico
      • Mexico Northeast
    • North-central U.S.A.
      • Illinois
      • Iowa
      • Kansas
      • Minnesota
      • Missouri
      • Nebraska
      • North Dakota
      • Oklahoma
      • South Dakota
      • Wisconsin
    • Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Connecticut
      • Indiana
      • Maine
      • Massachusetts
      • Michigan
      • New Hampshire
      • New Jersey
      • New York
      • Ohio
      • Pennsylvania
      • Rhode Island
      • Vermont
      • West Virginia
    • Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Wyoming
    • South-central U.S.A.
      • New Mexico
      • Texas
    • Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Alabama
      • Arkansas
      • Delaware
      • District Of Columbia
      • Florida
      • Georgia
      • Kentucky
      • Louisiana
      • Maryland
      • Mississippi
      • North Carolina
      • South Carolina
      • Tennessee
      • Virginia
    • Southwestern U.S.A.
      • Arizona
    • Western Canada
      • Manitoba
      • Saskatchewan

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000716308
UNII L6S3W92643
Florida Plant Atlas 3322
Flora of Alabama 4451
Canadensys 2745
USDA Plants POBI2
Tropicos 18401263
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:540091-1
The Plant List kew-284043
Missouri Botanical Garden 281983
Open Tree Of Life 497824
NCBI Taxonomy 39535
NBN Atlas NBNSYS0200002937
Nature Serve 2.161532
IPNI 540091-1
iNaturalist 85327
GBIF 2770039
Freebase /m/026kt6t
WisFlora 4568
EPPO PGTBI
EOL 1014924
USDA GRIN 402670
Wikipedia Polygonatum_biflorum

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Plant cultural indicators of forest resources from the Himalayan high mountains: implications for improving agricultural resilience, subsistence, and forest restoration Haq SM, Khoja AA, Waheed M, Pieroni A, Siddiqui MH, Bussmann RW J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 24-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11040985
doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00685-w
PMID:38659048
The influence of climate warming on flowering phenology in relation to historical annual and seasonal temperatures and plant functional traits Geissler C, Davidson A, Niesenbaum RA PeerJ 21-Apr-2023
PMCID:PMC10124540
doi:10.7717/peerj.15188
PMID:37101791
Examining the utility of DNA barcodes for the identification of tallgrass prairie flora Herzog SA, Latvis M Appl Plant Sci 24-Jan-2021
PMCID:PMC7845766
doi:10.1002/aps3.11405
PMID:33552747
Floristic Changes in the Understory Vegetation of Mixed Temperate New England Freshwater Island Forests over a Period of 33 Years Holland MM, Winkler M Plants (Basel) 18-Nov-2020
PMCID:PMC7698944
doi:10.3390/plants9111600
PMID:33218069
Vascular plant extinction in the continental United States and Canada Knapp WM, Frances A, Noss R, Naczi RF, Weakley A, Gann GD, Baldwin BG, Miller J, McIntyre P, Mishler BD, Moore G, Olmstead RG, Strong A, Kennedy K, Heidel B, Gluesenkamp D Conserv Biol 13-Oct-2020
PMCID:PMC8151872
doi:10.1111/cobi.13621
PMID:32860266
Novel insights into how the mean and heterogeneity of abiotic conditions together shape forb species richness patterns in the Allegheny plateau ecoregion Catella SA, Eysenbach SR, Abbott KC Ecol Evol 30-Sep-2019
PMCID:PMC6875668
doi:10.1002/ece3.5508
PMID:31788184
A regional assessment of white-tailed deer effects on plant invasion Averill KM, Mortensen DA, Smithwick EA, Kalisz S, McShea WJ, Bourg NA, Parker JD, Royo AA, Abrams MD, Apsley DK, Blossey B, Boucher DH, Caraher KL, DiTommaso A, Johnson SE, Masson R, Nuzzo VA AoB Plants 07-Dec-2017
PMCID:PMC5761582
doi:10.1093/aobpla/plx047
PMID:29340133
The Biogeographic South-North Divide of Polygonatum (Asparagaceae Tribe Polygonateae) within Eastern Asia and Its Recent Dispersals in the Northern Hemisphere Wang JJ, Yang YP, Sun H, Wen J, Deng T, Nie ZL, Meng Y PLoS One 03-Nov-2016
PMCID:PMC5094755
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166134
PMID:27812188
Spatial patterning and floral synchrony among trillium populations with contrasting histories of herbivory Webster CR, Jenkins MA, Poznanovic AJ PeerJ 19-Feb-2015
PMCID:PMC4338797
doi:10.7717/peerj.782
PMID:25737821
In a long-term experimental demography study, excluding ungulates reversed invader's explosive population growth rate and restored natives Kalisz S, Spigler RB, Horvitz CC Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 10-Mar-2014
PMCID:PMC3970537
doi:10.1073/pnas.1310121111
PMID:24616522
In Vitro Screening for the Tumoricidal Properties of International Medicinal Herbs Mazzio EA, Soliman KF Phytother Res 01-Mar-2009
PMCID:PMC2650746
doi:10.1002/ptr.2636
PMID:18844256

Phytochemical Profile Top

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